{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,11]],"date-time":"2026-06-11T23:00:51Z","timestamp":1781218851788,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,24]],"date-time":"2025-02-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1740355200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Iron deficiency has been suggested as a potential mechanism for attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) development due to involvement in neurotransmitter synthesis and transporter expression. As iron deficiency is particularly common in women of reproductive age, often due to heavy menstrual bleeding (HMB), we aimed to explore the relationship between iron deficiency, HMB and ADHD in women. Methods: We screened women (18\u201349 years) at university and local sporting events in Western Australia. To screen for ADHD, section A of the Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale-V1.1 (ASRS-V1.1) and the Adult Concentration Inventory were used to assess cognitive disengagement syndrome (CDS) symptoms. Risk factors for iron deficiency, such as HMB, commonly reported symptoms and a fingerpick haemoglobin concentration (Hb) (Hemocue Hb801) were recorded. Results: Of the 405 completed questionnaires, the mean age was 24.8 \u00b1 10.1 years, the mean Hb was 136.8 \u00b1 12.4 g\/L and 6.4% of women were anaemic. Symptoms suggestive of ADHD were reported by 174\/405 (43%) women, and 128\/405 (32%) women reported HMB. There was a greater prevalence of HMB reported in those experiencing symptoms suggestive of ADHD (39% vs. 26%, p = 0.01). Symptoms of fatigue, dizziness, brain fog, anxiety, heart palpitations, headaches, restless legs and depression were more common in patients with symptoms suggestive of ADHD (p \u2264 0.01) and HMB (p &lt; 0.05). Anaemia status did not influence ADHD status (p = 0.87) nor CDS scores (15.7 \u00b1 7.0 vs. 13.8 \u00b1 6.1, p = 0.17). Conclusions: There is an apparent relationship between those with symptoms reported in ADHD, HMB and iron deficiency. Further exploration is required to determine whether there is a causative relationship.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu17050785","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,25]],"date-time":"2025-02-25T10:55:48Z","timestamp":1740480948000},"page":"785","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Women with Symptoms Suggestive of ADHD Are More Likely to Report Symptoms of Iron Deficiency and Heavy Menstrual Bleeding"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5346-7673","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Beth","family":"MacLean","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, University of Western Australia, Perth 6009, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paige","family":"Buissink","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Curtin Medical School, Curtin University, Perth 6845, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2885-3342","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vernon","family":"Louw","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division Clinical Haematology, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town and Groote Schuur Hospital, Cape Town 7701, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wai","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Curtin Medical School, Curtin University, Perth 6845, Australia"},{"name":"Fiona Stanley Hospital, Perth 6150, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9872-4653","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Toby","family":"Richards","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, University of Western Australia, Perth 6009, Australia"},{"name":"Fiona Stanley Hospital, Perth 6150, Australia"},{"name":"School of Health, Sport and Bioscience, University of East London, London E16 2RD, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euroneuro.2019.07.136","article-title":"ADHD symptoms in the adult general population are associated with factors linked to ADHD in adult patients","volume":"29","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. 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