{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T23:35:26Z","timestamp":1790033726063,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":77,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,26]],"date-time":"2025-02-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1740528000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Poland","award":["WNoZ 330-05\/S\/2024"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["WNoZ 330-05\/S\/2024"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>During the COVID-19 pandemic, dietary habits in the population changed and sometimes deviated from healthy eating patterns, such as the Mediterranean diet. Based on reports on the quality of the diet of respondents to studies conducted at the beginning of the pandemic, it could be concluded that these new dietary habits are unfavorable for a good prognosis and the course of any disease and its severity of symptoms. This study decided to confront these assumptions with the results of people who had COVID-19. Background\/Objectives: This study aimed to assess the associations between dietary patterns and the occurrence of hospitalization and gastrointestinal disorders among patients diagnosed with COVID-19. Methods: This study included 550 respondents who completed a survey up to 8 months after being diagnosed with COVID-19. The survey included 62 items from the FFQ-6\u00ae, GSRS, PAC-SYM and FACT-G7 standardized questionnaires. Results: Two dietary patterns (DPs) were identified: \u2018Processed high fat\/sugar\/salt\/meat\/dairy\/potatoes\u2019 and \u2018Semi-vegetarian\u2019. Higher adherence to the \u2018Processed\u2019 DP was associated with higher odds of hospitalization due to COVID-19, a more severe course of the disease, and the highest intensity of gastrointestinal symptoms. Higher adherence to the \u2018Semi-vegetarian\u2019 DP was associated with lower odds of hospitalization due to COVID-19, a less severe course of the disease, and the lowest intensity of gastrointestinal symptoms. Conclusions: This study showed a strong harmful effect of high adherence to a processed dietary pattern on an increased incidence of hospitalization and gastrointestinal disorders among northwestern Polish adults during the COVID-19 pandemic, emphasizing the importance of a healthy diet.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu17050800","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,26]],"date-time":"2025-02-26T08:28:31Z","timestamp":1740558511000},"page":"800","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Associations Between Dietary Patterns and the Occurrence of Hospitalization and Gastrointestinal Disorders\u2014A Retrospective Study of COVID-19 Patients"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8975-8824","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Viktoria","family":"Hawry\u0142kowicz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Nutrition and Metabolomics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Broniewskiego 24, 71-460 Szczecin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0718-9101","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Beata","family":"Stasiewicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Nutrition, The Faculty of Food Science, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Sloneczna 45f, 10-718 Olsztyn, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sebastian","family":"Korus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Nutrition and Metabolomics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Broniewskiego 24, 71-460 Szczecin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wiktoria","family":"Krauze","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Nutrition and Metabolomics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Broniewskiego 24, 71-460 Szczecin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2200-3766","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kamila","family":"Rachubi\u0144ska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, 71-210 Szczecin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3679-7002","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"El\u017cbieta","family":"Grochans","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, 71-210 Szczecin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4009-1977","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ewa","family":"Stachowska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Nutrition and Metabolomics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Broniewskiego 24, 71-460 Szczecin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"WHO (2023, November 26). 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