{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T23:46:45Z","timestamp":1790984805200,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,27]],"date-time":"2025-02-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1740614400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Chongqing Key Discipline in Public Health\u2014Endemic Disease Prevention and Control"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Objectives: The aim of the present study was to evaluate the iodine nutritional statuses of children aged 8 to 10 years in Chongqing Municipality in 2023. Methods: In this study, we employed multi-stage stratified cluster sampling of non-boarding children aged 8 to 10 years in all 39 counties (districts). The levels of iodine in household salt and those in random urine samples collected from the subjects were tested. In addition, thyroid gland volume was examined using the ultrasound method in subjects from 13 of the counties (districts). Results: Of the total 7751 children aged 8 to 10 years selected for inclusion in this study, the median salt iodine concentration (SIC) was 26.7 mg\/kg, with an interquartile range (IQR) of 24.2\u201329.4 mg\/kg. The median urinary iodine concentration (UIC) was 226.4 \u03bcg\/L, with an IQR of 149.5\u2013309.6 \u03bcg\/L. The median UIC differed significantly between genders and across various regions (p &lt; 0.001). The prevalence of total goiter in the children was 2.24% (58\/2591), and significant differences were observed in the prevalence of goiter in different body mass index (BMI) groups (p &lt; 0.001). The greatest prevalence of goiter was observed in obese children. Conclusions: In 2023, children in Chongqing Municipality aged 8 to 10 years as a whole had adequate iodine nutrition and met the national standard for the eradication of iodine deficiency disorders.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu17050817","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,28]],"date-time":"2025-02-28T08:05:54Z","timestamp":1740729954000},"page":"817","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["A Cross-Sectional Study of Iodine Nutritional Status Among School-Age Children in Chongqing, China"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Peng","family":"Pang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jun","family":"Xie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chongqing Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chongqing 400707, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mengping","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chongqing Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chongqing 400707, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shuang","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chongqing Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chongqing 400707, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1436-5951","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yong","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.2174\/187153009789044392","article-title":"Role of Iodine, Selenium and Other Micronutrients in Thyroid Function and Disorders","volume":"9","author":"Triggiani","year":"2009","journal-title":"Endocr. Metab. Immune Disord. Drug Targets"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1251","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(08)61005-3","article-title":"Iodine-deficiency disorders","volume":"372","author":"Zimmermann","year":"2008","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1530\/EC-19-0568","article-title":"Assessment of the iodine nutritional status among Chinese school-aged children","volume":"9","author":"Yao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Endocr. Connect."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sun, D.J., Codling, K., Chang, S.Y., Zhang, S.B., Shen, H.M., Su, X.H., Chen, Z.P., Scherpbier, R.W., and Yan, J. (2017). Eliminating Iodine Deficiency in China: Achievements, Challenges and Global Implications. Nutrients, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu9040361"},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"239","article-title":"Current situation and countermeasures for the prevention and control of iodine deficiency disorders and iodine overdose hazards in China","volume":"31","author":"Shen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Chin. J. Endem."},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"134","article-title":"Analysis on the survey results of iodine content in drinking water in Chongqing, 2017","volume":"38","author":"Zhou","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chin. J. Endem."},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"273","article-title":"Evaluation of the prevention and control effect of iodine deficiency diseases 20 years after national salt iodization in Chongqing (1997\u20132017)","volume":"36","author":"Zhou","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chin. J. Endem. Dis. Prev. Control"},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"207","article-title":"Analysis of surveillance results of iodine deficiency disorders in Chongqing, 2017","volume":"38","author":"Zhou","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chin. J. Endem."},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"(2017). General Test Method in Salt Industry\u2014Determination of Iodine (Standard No. GB\/T 13025.7-2012)."},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"(2016). Determination of Iodine in Urine Part 1: Arsenic-Cerium Catalytic Spectrophotometry (Standard No. WS\/T 107.1-2016)."},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"(2007). Diagnostic Criteria for Endemic Goiter (Standard No. WS 276-2007)."},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"(2014). Comprehensive Evaluation of Children and Adolescents Development (Standard No. GB\/T 31178-2014)."},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"WHO, UNICEF, and ICCIDD (2007). Assessment of Iodine Deficiency Disorders and Monitoring Their Elimination: A Guide for Programme Managers, WHO. [3rd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"(2008). Criteria for Elimination of Iodine Deficiency Disorders (Standard No. GB 16006-2008)."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1007\/s10653-024-02156-3","article-title":"A review of groundwater iodine mobilization, and application of isotopes in high iodine groundwater","volume":"46","author":"Zheng","year":"2024","journal-title":"Environ. Geochem. Health"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1271","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2012-3952","article-title":"Thyroglobulin Is a Sensitive Measure of Both Deficient and Excess Iodine Intakes in Children and Indicates No Adverse Effects on Thyroid Function in the UIC Range of 100\u2013299 \u03bcg\/L: A UNICEF\/ICCIDD Study Group Report","volume":"98","author":"Zimmermann","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"345","article-title":"Interpretation of \u201cGuidelines for Monitoring of Salt Iodization Programmes and Assessment of Iodine Nutrition in the Population\u201d of United Nations International Children\u2019s Emergency Fund","volume":"38","author":"Shen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chin. J. Endem."},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"1372","article-title":"Investigation on iodine nutrition status of children aged 8\u201310 in Hubei, 2020","volume":"50","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mod. Prev. Med."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Medin, A.C., Carlsen, M.H., and Andersen, L.F. (2020). Iodine intake among children and adolescents in Norway: Estimates from the national dietary survey Ungkost 3 (2015\u20132016). J. Trace Elem. Med. Biol., 58.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtemb.2019.126427"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem-56-2-260","article-title":"The determination of thyroid volume by ultrasound and its relationship to body weight, age, and sex in normal subjects","volume":"56","author":"Hegedus","year":"1983","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1186\/s13044-021-00116-y","article-title":"Nutritional iodine status and obesity","volume":"14","author":"Moleti","year":"2021","journal-title":"Thyroid Res."},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"123","article-title":"Associations of Thyroid Volume and Function with Childhood Obesity","volume":"15","author":"Soydan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Acta Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1515\/jpem-2012-0299","article-title":"Thyroid function and morphology in overweight and obese children and adolescents in a Chinese population","volume":"26","author":"Chen","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"88","article-title":"Surveys in Areas of High Risk of Iodine Deficiency and Iodine Excess in China, 2012\u20132014: Current Status and Examination of the Relationship between Urinary Iodine Concentration and Goiter Prevalence in Children Aged 8\u201310 Years","volume":"30","author":"Cui","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biomed. Environ. Sci."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.22366","article-title":"Thyroid disease and compressive symptoms","volume":"122","author":"Banks","year":"2012","journal-title":"Laryngoscope"},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"203","article-title":"High thyroid volume in children with excess dietary iodine intakes","volume":"82","author":"Zimmermann","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1168","DOI":"10.1017\/S1368980012000146","article-title":"An epidemiological survey of children\u2019s iodine nutrition and goitre status in regions with mildly excessive iodine in drinking water in Hebei Province, China","volume":"15","author":"Lv","year":"2012","journal-title":"Public Health Nutr."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1852","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114521000593","article-title":"Insufficient iodine nutrition may affect the thyroid cancer incidence in China","volume":"126","author":"Fan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."}],"container-title":["Nutrients"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/17\/5\/817\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T16:43:13Z","timestamp":1760028193000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/17\/5\/817"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,27]]},"references-count":28,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3]]}},"alternative-id":["nu17050817"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu17050817","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6643"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6643","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,27]]}}}