{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T12:23:29Z","timestamp":1780316609472,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,28]],"date-time":"2025-02-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1740700800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Exocrine pancreatic insufficiency in cystic fibrosis (CF) increases fecal choline losses, but the postnatal course of plasma choline and its metabolites in these patients is unknown. While choline homeostasis is crucial for cellular, bile, and lipoprotein metabolism, via phosphatidylcholine (PC) and via betaine as a methyl donor, choline deficiency is associated with impaired lung and liver function, including hepatic steatosis. Objective: The goal of our study was to evaluate the plasma levels of choline, betaine, trimethylamine oxide (TMAO), PC, and PC subclasses in CF patients from infancy to adulthood and compare those with exocrine pancreatic insufficiency (EPI) to those with pancreatic sufficiency (EPS). Methods: Retrospective analysis of target parameters in plasma samples (July 2015\u2013November 2023) of CF patients (0.64\u201324.6 years) with tandem mass spectrometry. Results: A total of 477 samples from 162 CF patients were analyzed. In CF patients with EPI (N = 148), plasma choline and betaine concentrations were lower and decreased with age compared to EPS patients showing normal values. TMAO concentrations, indicating intestinal choline degradation by bacterial colonization, were frequently elevated in EPI from infancy onwards, and inversely related to plasma choline and betaine levels. PC-containing linoleic acid levels were lower in EPI, but arachidonic and docosahexaenoic acid content was similar in both patient groups. Conclusion: CF patients with EPI are at risk of choline and betaine deficiency compared to exocrine pancreas-sufficient CF patients. Elevated TMAO concentrations in EPI patients indicate increased bacterial colonization leading to choline degradation before absorption. These findings indicate that laboratory testing of choline, betaine, and TMAO as well as clinical trials on choline supplementation are warranted in CF patients.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu17050868","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,28]],"date-time":"2025-02-28T10:46:46Z","timestamp":1740739606000},"page":"868","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Low Plasma Choline, High Trimethylamine Oxide, and Altered Phosphatidylcholine Subspecies Are Prevalent in Cystic Fibrosis Patients with Pancreatic Insufficiency"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0307-223X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wolfgang","family":"Bernhard","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neonatology, Children\u2019s Hospital, University Clinic, 72076 T\u00fcbingen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Shunova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neonatology, Children\u2019s Hospital, University Clinic, 72076 T\u00fcbingen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julia","family":"Boriga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"General Pediatrics, Hematology & Oncology, Children\u2019s Hospital, University Clinic, 72076 T\u00fcbingen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ute","family":"Graepler-Mainka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"General Pediatrics, Hematology & Oncology, Children\u2019s Hospital, University Clinic, 72076 T\u00fcbingen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-0055-7452","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Johannes","family":"Hilberath","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Children\u2019s Hospital, University Clinic, 72076 T\u00fcbingen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0258(19960315)15:5<449::AID-SIM173>3.0.CO;2-X","article-title":"The incidence of cystic fibrosis","volume":"15","author":"Kosorok","year":"1996","journal-title":"Stat. 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