{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]],"date-time":"2026-10-20T12:06:43Z","timestamp":1792498003209,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,28]],"date-time":"2025-02-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1740700800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives:\u00a0Lepidium sativum, Ferula hermonis, Origanum majorana, and Eruca sativa are frequently consumed as a traditional Middle Eastern medicine to promote health and treat various diseases. However, concerns have been raised about their possible harmful effect in humans. Limited research has examined their chronic toxicity in rats, and their combined exposure effects are still unknown. Hence, this research aimed to evaluate their potential hepato- and nephrotoxic effects. Methods: Aqueous extracts of the selected plants, with a dose of 100 mg\/kg, were administered separately and as a mixture daily for 60 days. Blood and tissue were sampled from 28 rats, and organ weight, biochemical markers for kidney and liver function, and histopathological examination were assessed. Results: The results indicated increased liver weight, liver and kidney malondialdehyde, alanine transaminase, and urea, and decreased serum creatinine and kidney glutathione levels. Additionally, histological examinations showed liver and kidney architectural damage. Further, the extent of toxicity varied among the plants. Conclusions: In conclusion, the results revealed that the corresponding plant extracts\u2019 oral administration affects biological functions and promotes liver and kidney oxidative damage in rats, with FH and ES exhibiting the highest level of liver toxicity and ES and MIX showing the highest level of kidney toxicity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu17050875","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,3]],"date-time":"2025-03-03T04:10:42Z","timestamp":1740975042000},"page":"875","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Effects of Lebanese Folk Herbs on Adult Male Rats: Hepatic and Renal Toxicity, Histological, and Biochemical Studies"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Rana R.","family":"Khalaf","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Beirut Arab University, P.O. Box 115020, Riad El Solh, Beirut 11072809, Lebanon"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7368-734X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Noura S.","family":"Abouzeinab","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Beirut Arab University, P.O. Box 115020, Riad El Solh, Beirut 11072809, Lebanon"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7629-4357","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mahmoud I.","family":"Khalil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Beirut Arab University, P.O. Box 115020, Riad El Solh, Beirut 11072809, Lebanon"},{"name":"Molecular Biology Unit, Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21500, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.4103\/0973-7847.95849","article-title":"Historical review of medicinal plants\u2019 usage","volume":"6","author":"Petrovska","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pharmacogn. Rev."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rehman, M.H.U., Saleem, U., Ahmad, B., and Rashid, M. (2022). Phytochemical and toxicological evaluation of Zephyranthes citrina. Front. Pharmacol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2022.1007310"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"812","DOI":"10.4103\/jfmpc.jfmpc_761_19","article-title":"Lepidium sativum: Bone healer in traditional medicine, an experimental validation study in rats","volume":"9","author":"Kumar","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Fam. Med. Prim. Care"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.2174\/1389450120666191029155053","article-title":"Ferula hermonis: A Review of Current Use and Pharmacological Studies of its Sesquiterpene Ester Ferutinin","volume":"21","author":"Safi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr. Drug Targets"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1177\/2156587216650793","article-title":"Sweet Marjoram: A Review of Ethnopharmacology, Phytochemistry, and Biological Activities","volume":"22","author":"Bina","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Evid.-Based Complement. Altern. Med."},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"6235","article-title":"Eruca sativa seed extract: A novel natural product able to counteract neuroinflammation","volume":"17","author":"Gugliandolo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mol. Med. Rep."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"714","DOI":"10.4274\/tjps.galenos.2021.07504","article-title":"Evidence for Health-Promoting Properties of Lepidium sativum L.: An Updated Comprehensive Review","volume":"19","author":"Hekmatshoar","year":"2022","journal-title":"Turk. J. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vazifeh, S., Kananpour, P., Khalilpour, M., Eisalou, S.V., and Hamblin, M.R. (2022). Anti-inflammatory and Immunomodulatory Properties of Lepidium sativum. BioMed Res. Int., 2022.","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/3645038"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5839","DOI":"10.3390\/nu6125839","article-title":"A novel role of Eruca sativa Mill. (rocket) extract: Antiplatelet (NF-\u03baB inhibition) and antithrombotic activities","volume":"6","author":"Fuentes","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Amaghnouje, A., Mechchate, H., Es-Safi, I., Boukhira, S., Aliqahtani, A.S., Noman, O.M., ANasr, F., Conte, R., Calarco, A., and Bousta, D. (2020). Subacute Assessment of the Toxicity and Antidepressant-Like Effects of Origanum majorana L. Polyphenols in Swiss Albino Mice. Molecules, 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules25235653"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113318","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2020.113318","article-title":"Traditional use, phytochemistry, toxicology, and pharmacology of Origanum majorana L","volume":"265","author":"Bouyahya","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0043-109100","article-title":"Phytochemistry and Pharmacology of Ferula hermonis Boiss.\u2014A Review","volume":"67","author":"Sattar","year":"2017","journal-title":"Drug Res."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"El-Wakf, A.M., El-Habibi, E.M., Ali, D.A., Abd El-Ghany, E., and Elmougy, R. (2020). Marjoram and sage oils protect against testicular apoptosis, suppressed Ki-67 expression and cell cycle arrest as a therapy for male infertility in the obese rats. J. Food Biochem., 44.","DOI":"10.1111\/jfbc.13080"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.5653\/cerm.2023.05995","article-title":"Review of potential spermatogenic and aphrodisiac effects of the Ferula genus","volume":"50","author":"Bagheri","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Reprod. Med."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.9734\/ARRB\/2017\/36016","article-title":"Effects of Eruca sativa Leaves Extracts on Testes, Fertility Potential and Testosterone Concentration in Male Rats","volume":"16","year":"2017","journal-title":"Annu. Res. Rev. Biol."},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"260","article-title":"Effect of Lepidium sativum Aqueous Crude Extract in Some Fertility Parameters in Mice","volume":"6","author":"Razaq","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Sci. Res. (IJSR)"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R1147","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2017.09.019","article-title":"The liver","volume":"27","author":"Trefts","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr. Biol. CB"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Frenzel, C., and Teschke, R. (2016). Herbal Hepatotoxicity: Clinical Characteristics and Listing Compilation. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms17050588"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459749","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/459749","article-title":"Liver Damage Associated with Polygonum multiflorum Thunb.: A Systematic Review of Case Reports and Case Series","volume":"2015","author":"Lei","year":"2015","journal-title":"Evid.-Based Complement. Altern. Med. Ecam"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-117-2-129","article-title":"Hepatitis after germander (Teucrium chamaedrys) administration: Another instance of herbal medicine hepatotoxicity","volume":"117","author":"Larrey","year":"1992","journal-title":"Ann. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"666","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2010.07.031","article-title":"Hepatic sinusoidal obstruction syndrome associated with consumption of Gynura segetum","volume":"54","author":"Lin","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1684\/bdc.2011.1482","article-title":"[Renal physiology]","volume":"99","author":"Gueutin","year":"2012","journal-title":"Bull. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xu, X., Zhu, R., Ying, J., Zhao, M., Wu, X., Cao, G., and Wang, K. (2020). Nephrotoxicity of Herbal Medicine and Its Prevention. Front. Pharmacol., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2020.569551"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Khalaf, R.R., Khazaal, S., Abouzeinab, N.S., and Khalil, M.I. (2024). Evaluation of Selected Folk Herbs on the Fertility of Sprague Dawley Male Rats: Biochemical, Histological, and Molecular Investigations. Life, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/life14121620"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2014.03.035","article-title":"Natural forms of vitamin E: Metabolism, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory activities and their role in disease prevention and therapy","volume":"72","author":"Jiang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vaez, A., Mardani, M., and Razavi, S. (2014). Impact of saffron on rat sperm membrane integrity and spermatogenesis status. Adv. Biomed. Res., 3.","DOI":"10.4103\/2277-9175.135163"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53249","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-021-14532-y","article-title":"Eruca sativa seed extract modulates oxidative stress and apoptosis and up-regulates the expression of Bcl-2 and Bax genes in acrylamide-induced testicular dysfunction in rats","volume":"28","author":"Ogaly","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"774","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.3324","article-title":"Antiinflammatory sesquiterpenes from the root oil of Ferula hermonis","volume":"25","author":"Geroushi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Phytother. Res. PTR"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1059","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114511006210","article-title":"Egyptian sweet marjoram leaves protect against genotoxicity, immunosuppression and other complications induced by cyclophosphamide in albino rats","volume":"108","author":"Ramadan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1104\/pp.59.2.309","article-title":"Superoxide dismutases: I. Occurrence in higher plants","volume":"59","author":"Giannopolitis","year":"1977","journal-title":"Plant Physiol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-4165(79)90289-7","article-title":"Levels of glutathione, glutathione reductase and glutathione S-transferase activities in rat lung and liver","volume":"582","author":"Moron","year":"1979","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-9861(68)90654-1","article-title":"Photoperoxidation in isolated chloroplasts. I. Kinetics and stoichiometry of fatty acid peroxidation","volume":"125","author":"Heath","year":"1968","journal-title":"Arch. Biochem. Biophys."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1016\/j.surg.2007.07.041","article-title":"Increased severity of renal ischemia-reperfusion injury with venous clamping compared to arterial clamping in a rat model","volume":"143","author":"Park","year":"2008","journal-title":"Surgery"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1177\/0192623318761348","article-title":"Use of Severity Grades to Characterize Histopathologic Changes","volume":"46","author":"Schafer","year":"2018","journal-title":"Toxicol. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"824185","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/824185","article-title":"Plants Consumption and Liver Health","volume":"2015","author":"Guan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Evid.-Based Complement. Altern. Med. Ecam"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rusli, R.N.M., Naomi, R., Yazid, M.D., Embong, H., Perumal, K., Othman, F., Jasni, A.S., Jumidil, S.H., Balan, S.S., and Abidin, A.Z. (2023). Phytochemical Analysis and Toxicity Assessment of Bouea macrophylla Yoghurt. Toxins, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins15020125"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fan, Q., Zhao, B., Wang, C., Zhang, J., Wu, J., Wang, T., and Xu, A. (2018). Subchronic Toxicity Studies of Cortex Dictamni Extracts in Mice and Its Potential Hepatotoxicity Mechanisms in Vitro. Molecules, 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules23102486"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8843044","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/8843044","article-title":"Subacute Hepatotoxicity of Extracts of Senna occidentalis Seeds in Swiss Albino Mice","volume":"2020","author":"Gebrezgi","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"822","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2021.03.032","article-title":"Sub-chronic toxicity of ethanol leaf extract of Syzygium guineense on the biochemical parameters and histopathology of liver and kidney in the rats","volume":"8","author":"Abebe","year":"2021","journal-title":"Toxicol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.4103\/0253-7613.106437","article-title":"Biochemical and histopathological effects on liver due to acute oral toxicity of aqueous leaf extract of Ecliptaalba on female Swiss albino mice","volume":"45","author":"Singh","year":"2013","journal-title":"Indian J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ra\u0161kovi\u0107, A., Milanovi\u0107, I., Pavlovi\u0107, N., \u0106ebovi\u0107, T., Vukmirovi\u0107, S., and Mikov, M. (2014). Antioxidant activity of rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) essential oil and its hepatoprotective potential. BMC Complement. Altern. Med., 14.","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6882-14-225"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1002\/cld.562","article-title":"Standard liver tests","volume":"8","author":"Kasarala","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Liver Dis."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1007\/s00709-012-0431-5","article-title":"Hepatoprotective effect of Origanum vulgare in Wistar rats against carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatotoxicity","volume":"250","author":"Sikander","year":"2013","journal-title":"Protoplasma"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1250","DOI":"10.3923\/rjbsci.2009.1250.1258","article-title":"The Potential Liver Toxicity of Lepidium sativum Seeds in Albino Rats","volume":"4","author":"Bafeel","year":"2009","journal-title":"Res. J. Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_45","first-page":"170","article-title":"Markers of renal function tests","volume":"2","author":"Gowda","year":"2010","journal-title":"N. Am. J. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dasgupta, A., and Wahed, A. (2021). Chapter 11\u2014Renal function tests. Clinical Chemistry, Immunology and Laboratory Quality Control, Elsevier. [2nd ed.].","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-815960-6.00016-9"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2009.11.025","article-title":"The evaluation of renal function and disease in patients with cirrhosis","volume":"52","author":"Francoz","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Balgoon, M.J. (2019). Assessment of the Protective Effect of Lepidium sativum against Aluminum-Induced Liver and Kidney Effects in Albino Rat. BioMed Res. Int., 2019.","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/4516730"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1444","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.10311013","article-title":"Urea and Ammonia Metabolism and the Control of Renal Nitrogen Excretion","volume":"10","author":"Weiner","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. CJASN"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtcme.2017.09.001","article-title":"Effects of ethanolic extracts of leaf, seed and fruit of Datura metel L. on kidney function of male albino rats","volume":"9","author":"Imo","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Tradit. Complement. Med."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"592","DOI":"10.1177\/2156587217691891","article-title":"Ocimum gratissimum Ameliorates Gentamicin-Induced Kidney Injury but Decreases Creatinine Clearance Following Sub-Chronic Administration in Rats","volume":"22","author":"Ogundipe","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Evid.-Based Complement. Altern. Med."},{"key":"ref_52","first-page":"81","article-title":"Nephrotoxicity and hepatotoxicity evaluation of Crocus sativus stigmas in neonates of nursing mice","volume":"3","author":"Bahmani","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Nephropathol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"910","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2006.11.013","article-title":"Eruca sativa seeds possess antioxidant activity and exert a protective effect on mercuric chloride induced renal toxicity","volume":"45","author":"Kaur","year":"2007","journal-title":"Food Chem. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kili\u015b-Pstrusi\u0144ska, K., and Wiela-Hoje\u0144ska, A. (2021). Nephrotoxicity of Herbal Products in Europe\u2014A Review of an Underestimated Problem. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22084132"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1057","DOI":"10.2147\/JIR.S275595","article-title":"Reactive Oxygen Species: Drivers of Physiological and Pathological Processes","volume":"13","author":"Checa","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Inflamm. Res."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.59566\/IJBS.2008.4089","article-title":"Free radicals, antioxidants in disease and health","volume":"4","author":"He","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Biomed. Sci. IJBS"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2017.06.028","article-title":"Acute, sub-acute toxicity and antioxidant activities (in vitro and in vivo) of Reichardia picroide crude extract","volume":"208","author":"Aouachria","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S506","DOI":"10.1016\/S1995-7645(14)60282-0","article-title":"Oxidative damage and nephrotoxicity induced by prallethrin in rat and the protective effect of Origanum majorana essential oil","volume":"7","author":"Refaie","year":"2014","journal-title":"Asian Pac. J. Trop. Med."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"360438","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/360438","article-title":"Lipid peroxidation: Production, metabolism, and signaling mechanisms of malondialdehyde and 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal","volume":"2014","author":"Ayala","year":"2014","journal-title":"Oxidative Med. Cell. Longev."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2005.05.003","article-title":"A review of recent studies on malondialdehyde as toxic molecule and biological marker of oxidative stress","volume":"15","author":"Stewart","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nutr. Metab. Cardiovasc. Dis. NMCD"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"798","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2017.10.055","article-title":"Therapeutic dose of green tea extract provokes liver damage and exacerbates paracetamol-induced hepatotoxicity in rats through oxidative stress and caspase 3-dependent apoptosis","volume":"96","author":"Rostom","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother. = Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, C., Gao, X., Gao, X., Lv, J., Bian, X., Lv, J., Sun, J., Luo, G., and Zhang, H. (2021). Effects of medicine food Fructus Gardeniae on liver and kidney functions after oral administration to rats for 12 weeks. J. Food Biochem., 45.","DOI":"10.1111\/jfbc.13752"},{"key":"ref_63","first-page":"282","article-title":"Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: Clinical Features and Pathogenesis","volume":"2","author":"Basaranoglu","year":"2006","journal-title":"Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"977","DOI":"10.1002\/cphy.c120020","article-title":"Apoptosis and necrosis in the liver","volume":"3","author":"Guicciardi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Compr. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_65","first-page":"85","article-title":"Acute Kidney Injury: Definition, Pathophysiology and Clinical Phenotypes","volume":"37","author":"Makris","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Biochem. Rev."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"476","DOI":"10.7861\/clinmedicine.12-5-476","article-title":"Renal tubular disorders","volume":"12","author":"Walsh","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. Med."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"957","DOI":"10.1002\/cphy.c120028","article-title":"Immune and inflammatory role in renal disease","volume":"3","author":"Imig","year":"2013","journal-title":"Compr. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153228","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tox.2022.153228","article-title":"Oral subacute nephrotoxicity of aristololactam I in rats","volume":"475","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Toxicology"}],"container-title":["Nutrients"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/17\/5\/875\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T16:45:07Z","timestamp":1760028307000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/17\/5\/875"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,28]]},"references-count":68,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3]]}},"alternative-id":["nu17050875"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu17050875","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6643"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6643","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,28]]}}}