{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,13]],"date-time":"2026-08-13T19:19:38Z","timestamp":1786648778847,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,4]],"date-time":"2025-03-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1741046400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002848","name":"FONDECYT Regular","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1231431"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1231431"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002848","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002848","name":"FONDECYT Regular","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1240944"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1240944"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002848","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002848","name":"FONDECYT Regular","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SA23I0038"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SA23I0038"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002848","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002848","name":"FONDECYT Regular","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["AFB-170004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AFB-170004"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002848","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002848","name":"FONIS","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1231431"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1231431"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002848","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002848","name":"FONIS","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1240944"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1240944"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002848","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002848","name":"FONIS","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SA23I0038"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SA23I0038"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002848","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002848","name":"FONIS","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["AFB-170004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AFB-170004"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002848","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Agencia Nacional de Investigaci\u00f3n y Desarrollo de Chile (ANID)","award":["1231431"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1231431"]}]},{"name":"Agencia Nacional de Investigaci\u00f3n y Desarrollo de Chile (ANID)","award":["1240944"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1240944"]}]},{"name":"Agencia Nacional de Investigaci\u00f3n y Desarrollo de Chile (ANID)","award":["SA23I0038"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SA23I0038"]}]},{"name":"Agencia Nacional de Investigaci\u00f3n y Desarrollo de Chile (ANID)","award":["AFB-170004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AFB-170004"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: In Latin America, yerba mate (YM) is a popular infusion processed from the leaves and stems of Ilex paraguariensis. YM has been shown to have anti-inflammatory properties in several studies, although the effect of YM on multiple sclerosis (MS) remains elusive. The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of YM on the development of MS, by using the experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) mouse model while also evaluating its effect over infiltration of immune cells into the central nervous system (CNS) and regulatory T cell (Treg) function. Methods: YM or vehicle were administrated to mice daily by oral gavage for seven days prior to EAE induction and during the entire course of the disease. EAE score was recorded daily, and immune cell infiltration into the CNS was measured by flow cytometry and immunofluorescence. Results: Our results showed that YM administration decreases EAE symptoms and immune cell infiltration into the CNS, along with reducing demyelination, compared to the vehicle treatment. Moreover, an increase in the Treg population, immune cells capable of generating tolerance and decreased inflammation, was observed in mice receiving YM, together with improved Treg suppressive capabilities after YM treatment in vitro. Conclusions: In summary, we showed that YM promotes an immunosuppressive environment by modulating Treg function, reducing EAE symptoms and immune cell infiltration into the brain, and suggesting that YM consumption could be a good cost-effective treatment for MS.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu17050897","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,4]],"date-time":"2025-03-04T05:41:51Z","timestamp":1741066911000},"page":"897","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Yerba Mate (Ilex paraguariensis) Ameliorates Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis by Modulating Regulatory T Cell Function"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Andr\u00e9s A.","family":"Herrada","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Lymphatic Vasculature and Inflammation Research Laboratory, Instituto de Ciencias Biom\u00e9dicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Chile, Talca 3467987, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-2455-1634","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francisca","family":"Rodr\u00edguez-Arriaza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lymphatic Vasculature and Inflammation Research Laboratory, Instituto de Ciencias Biom\u00e9dicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Chile, Talca 3467987, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexandra","family":"Olate-Briones","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lymphatic Vasculature and Inflammation Research Laboratory, Instituto de Ciencias Biom\u00e9dicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Chile, Talca 3467987, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sof\u00eda","family":"Albornoz-Mu\u00f1oz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lymphatic Vasculature and Inflammation Research Laboratory, Instituto de Ciencias Biom\u00e9dicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Chile, Talca 3467987, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jorge Y.","family":"Fa\u00fandez-Acu\u00f1a","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lymphatic Vasculature and Inflammation Research Laboratory, Instituto de Ciencias Biom\u00e9dicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Chile, Talca 3467987, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-8994-9804","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Victor","family":"Rojas-Henr\u00edquez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lymphatic Vasculature and Inflammation Research Laboratory, Instituto de Ciencias Biom\u00e9dicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Chile, Talca 3467987, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ledaliz","family":"Retamal-Quinteros","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lymphatic Vasculature and Inflammation Research Laboratory, Instituto de Ciencias Biom\u00e9dicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Chile, Talca 3467987, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7015-9058","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carolina","family":"Prado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Neuroinmunolog\u00eda, Centro Cient\u00edfico y Tecnol\u00f3gico de Excelencia Ciencia & Vida, Fundaci\u00f3n Ciencia & Vida, Avenida del Valle Norte #725, Huechuraba, Santiago 8580702, Chile"},{"name":"Facultad de Medicina y Ciencia, Universidad San Sebasti\u00e1n, Providencia, Santiago 7510156, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0743-2258","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Noelia","family":"Escobedo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lymphatic Vasculature and Inflammation Research Laboratory, Instituto de Ciencias Biom\u00e9dicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Chile, Talca 3467987, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1309","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2023.03.008","article-title":"Multiple Sclerosis: Neuroimmune Crosstalk and Therapeutic Targeting","volume":"186","author":"Charabati","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nrleng.2017.07.018","article-title":"The Role of Astrocytes in Multiple Sclerosis Pathogenesis","volume":"35","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurolog\u00eda (Engl. Ed.)"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5383099","DOI":"10.1155\/2024\/5383099","article-title":"The Plasticity of Immune Cell Response Complicates Dissecting the Underlying Pathology of Multiple Sclerosis","volume":"2024","author":"Sarkar","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Immunol. Res."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awz017","article-title":"Abnormal Effector and Regulatory T Cell Subsets in Paediatric-Onset Multiple Sclerosis","volume":"142","author":"Mexhitaj","year":"2019","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2567.2007.02690.x","article-title":"Compromised CD4+ CD25high Regulatory T-Cell Function in Patients with Relapsing-Remitting Multiple Sclerosis Is Correlated with a Reduced Frequency of FOXP3-Positive Cells and Reduced FOXP3 Expression at the Single-Cell Level","volume":"123","author":"Venken","year":"2008","journal-title":"Immunology"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2019.01.020","article-title":"Human FOXP3+ Regulatory T Cell Heterogeneity and Function in Autoimmunity and Cancer","volume":"50","author":"Wing","year":"2019","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cellimm.2018.09.008","article-title":"Restoring Self-Tolerance in Autoimmune Diseases by Enhancing Regulatory T-Cells","volume":"339","author":"Kumar","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell Immunol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schmidt, A., Oberle, N., and Krammer, P.H. (2012). Molecular Mechanisms of Treg-Mediated T Cell Suppression. Front. Immunol., 3.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2012.00051"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3025","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.175.5.3025","article-title":"Natural Recovery and Protection from Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis: Contribution of CD4+CD25+ Regulatory Cells within the Central Nervous System","volume":"175","author":"McGeachy","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4712","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.169.9.4712","article-title":"Cutting Edge: CD4+CD25+ Regulatory T Cells Suppress Antigen-Specific Autoreactive Immune Responses and Central Nervous System Inflammation during Active Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis","volume":"169","author":"Kohm","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2004.05.001","article-title":"Regulation of Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis by CD4+, CD25+ and CD8+ T Cells: Analysis Using Depleting Antibodies","volume":"23","author":"Montero","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Autoimmun."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1186\/s40478-014-0163-1","article-title":"Treg Cells Mediate Recovery from EAE by Controlling Effector T Cell Proliferation and Motility in the CNS","volume":"2","author":"Koutrolos","year":"2014","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol. Commun."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1172","DOI":"10.1139\/apnm-2017-0267","article-title":"Compounds from Ilex Paraguariensis Extracts Have Antioxidant Effects in the Brains of Rats Subjected to Chronic Immobilization Stress","volume":"42","author":"Colpo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Appl. Physiol. Nutr. Metab."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alkhatib, A., Tsang, C., Tiss, A., Bahorun, T., Arefanian, H., Barake, R., Khadir, A., and Tuomilehto, J. (2017). Functional Foods and Lifestyle Approaches for Diabetes Prevention and Management. Nutrients, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu9121310"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e20191141","DOI":"10.1590\/0001-3765202020191141","article-title":"Yerba Mate (Ilex Paraguariensis St. Hil.) Extract Inhibits Hand-Rolled Cornhusk Cigarette Smoke-Induced Oxidative Pulmonary Damage","volume":"92","author":"Camara","year":"2020","journal-title":"An. Acad. Bras. Cienc."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2016.04.027","article-title":"The Anti-Inflammatory Effect of Ilex Paraguariensis A. St. Hil (Mate) in a Murine Model of Pleurisy","volume":"36","author":"Luz","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. Immunopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Olate-Briones, A., Albornoz-Mu\u00f1oz, S., Rodr\u00edguez-Arriaza, F., Rodr\u00edguez-Vergara, V., Aguirre, J.M., Liu, C., Pe\u00f1a-Farfal, C., Escobedo, N., and Herrada, A.A. (2024). Yerba Mate (Ilex Paraguariensis) Reduces Colitis Severity by Promoting Anti-Inflammatory Macrophage Polarization. Nutrients, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16111616"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.4067\/S0718-58392012000200016","article-title":"Composici\u00f3n y Propiedades Bioactivas de La Yerba Mate (Ilex Paraguariensis A. St.-Hil.): Una Revisi\u00f3n","volume":"72","author":"Burris","year":"2012","journal-title":"Chil. J. Agric. Res."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2010.03.039","article-title":"Study of the Bioactive Compounds Variation during Yerba Mate (Ilex Paraguariensis) Processing","volume":"122","author":"Isolabella","year":"2010","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/0308-8146(90)90126-O","article-title":"Chlorogenic Acids and Purine Alkaloids Contents of Mat\u00e9 (Ilex Paraguariensis) Leaf and Beverage","volume":"35","author":"Clifford","year":"1990","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113341","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phytochem.2022.113341","article-title":"What Is the Role of Phenolic Compounds of Yerba Mate (Ilex Paraguariensis) in Gut Microbiota?","volume":"203","author":"Santos","year":"2022","journal-title":"Phytochemistry"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1093\/mutage\/gen011","article-title":"Protective Effects of Mate Tea (Ilex Paraguariensis) on H2O2-Induced DNA Damage and DNA Repair in Mice","volume":"23","author":"Miranda","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mutagenesis"},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"e65738","article-title":"Scoring Central Nervous System Inflammation, Demyelination, and Axon Injury in Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis","volume":"204","author":"Ucciferri","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Vis. Exp."},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"e63350","article-title":"Therapeutic Evaluation of Fecal Microbiota Transplantation in an Interleukin 10-Deficient Mouse Model","volume":"182","author":"Xiao","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Vis. Exp."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e46927","DOI":"10.15252\/embr.201846927","article-title":"Gut Microbiota Regulates Lacteal Integrity by Inducing VEGF-C in Intestinal Villus Macrophages","volume":"20","author":"Suh","year":"2019","journal-title":"EMBO Rep."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.0802886","article-title":"Aldosterone Promotes Autoimmune Damage by Enhancing Th17-Mediated Immunity","volume":"184","author":"Herrada","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1016\/j.it.2023.05.002","article-title":"Conditioning of the Immune System by the Microbiome","volume":"44","author":"Graham","year":"2023","journal-title":"Trends Immunol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ordo\u00f1ez-Rodriguez, A., Roman, P., Rueda-Ruzafa, L., Campos-Rios, A., and Cardona, D. (2023). Changes in Gut Microbiota and Multiple Sclerosis: A Systematic Review. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph20054624"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Johanson, D.M., Goertz, J.E., Marin, I.A., Costello, J., Overall, C.C., and Gaultier, A. (2020). Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis Is Associated with Changes of the Microbiota Composition in the Gastrointestinal Tract. Sci. Rep., 10.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-72197-y"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"796","DOI":"10.1007\/s11130-023-01117-y","article-title":"Gut Microbiota Modulation by Bioactive Compounds from Ilex Paraguariensis: An In Vivo Study","volume":"78","author":"Santos","year":"2023","journal-title":"Plant Foods Hum. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, T.T., Liu, P.J., Sun, Q.Y., Wang, Z.Y., Yuan, G.B., Fan, Z.X., Ma, L., Lu, J.F., Yuan, B.Y., and Zou, W.L. (2024). CD4+CD25+ Regulatory T Cells Ex Vivo Generated from Autologous Na\u00efve CD4+ T Cells Suppress EAE Progression. Sci. Rep., 14.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-56739-2"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2006.08.003","article-title":"CD4+CD25+FoxP3+ T Lymphocytes Fail to Suppress Myelin Basic Protein-Induced Proliferation in Patients with Multiple Sclerosis","volume":"180","author":"Kumar","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Neuroimmunol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3343","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.200526065","article-title":"Reduced Suppressive Effect of CD4+CD25high Regulatory T Cells on the T Cell Immune Response against Myelin Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein in Patients with Multiple Sclerosis","volume":"35","author":"Haas","year":"2005","journal-title":"Eur. J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2018.12.019","article-title":"The Proportion of Peripheral Regulatory T Cells in Patients with Multiple Sclerosis: A Meta-Analysis","volume":"28","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mult. Scler. Relat. Disord."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1007\/s40259-020-00462-7","article-title":"Administration of CD4+CD25highCD127\u2212FoxP3+ Regulatory T Cells for Relapsing-Remitting Multiple Sclerosis: A Phase 1 Study","volume":"35","author":"Chwojnicki","year":"2021","journal-title":"BioDrugs"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1007\/s12016-021-08866-1","article-title":"Improving the Efficacy of Regulatory T Cell Therapy","volume":"62","author":"Baeten","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin. Rev. Allergy Immunol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4556","DOI":"10.1039\/C6FO01061J","article-title":"Yerba Mate (Ilex Paraguariensis) Inhibits Lymphocyte Activation in Vitro","volume":"7","author":"Ribeiro","year":"2016","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"ref_38","first-page":"64","article-title":"Microbial Regulation and Protective Effects of Yerba Mate (Ilex Paraguariensis) in Gamma-Irradiated Mice Intestine","volume":"7","author":"Araby","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Radiat. Res. Appl. Sci."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shi, Z., Jiang, W., Chen, X., Xu, M., Wang, J., Lai, Y., and Zha, D. (2020). Chlorogenic Acid Ameliorated Allergic Rhinitis-Related Symptoms in Mice by Regulating Th17 Cells. Biosci. Rep., 40.","DOI":"10.1042\/BSR20201643"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1186\/s42826-022-00148-x","article-title":"Chlorogenic Acid Attenuates Pro-Inflammatory Response in the Blood of Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Rats","volume":"38","author":"Lee","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lab. Anim. Res."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"D\u0105browska, I., Grz\u0119dzicka, J., Niedzielska, A., and Witkowska-Pi\u0142aszewicz, O. (2023). Impact of Chlorogenic Acid on Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cell Proliferation, Oxidative Stress, and Inflammatory Responses in Racehorses during Exercise. Antioxidants, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox12111924"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"464","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/nxx056","article-title":"Theobromine Is Responsible for the Effects of Cocoa on the Antibody Immune Status of Rats","volume":"148","author":"Franch","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3470","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.0901568","article-title":"Increased Foxp3+ Regulatory T Cells in Poly(ADP-Ribose) Polymerase-1 Deficiency","volume":"184","author":"Nasta","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, P., Maruyama, T., Konkel, J.E., Abbatiello, B., Zamarron, B., Wang, Z.Q., and Chen, W. (2013). PARP-1 Controls Immunosuppressive Function of Regulatory T Cells by Destabilizing Foxp3. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0071590"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Balasa, R., Barcutean, L., Mosora, O., and Manu, D. (2021). Reviewing the Significance of Blood\u2013Brain Barrier Disruption in Multiple Sclerosis Pathology and Treatment. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22168370"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2015.11.010","article-title":"Oxidative Stress in Multiple Sclerosis: Central and Peripheral Mode of Action","volume":"277","author":"Ohl","year":"2016","journal-title":"Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136085","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2021.136085","article-title":"Chlorogenic Acid Alleviates Neurobehavioral Disorders and Brain Damage in Focal Ischemia Animal Models","volume":"760","author":"Shah","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurosci. Lett."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.2174\/1570159X14666160325120625","article-title":"Chlorogenic Acid and Mental Diseases: From Chemistry to Medicine","volume":"15","author":"Nabavi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr. Neuropharmacol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"586","DOI":"10.1177\/1073858402238517","article-title":"Matrix Metalloproteinases and Neuroinflammation in Multiple Sclerosis","volume":"8","author":"Rosenberg","year":"2002","journal-title":"Neuroscientist"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13","DOI":"10.12816\/0003332","article-title":"The Significance of Matrix Metalloproteinases in the Immunopathogenesis and Treatment of Multiple Sclerosis","volume":"14","author":"Mirshafiey","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sultan Qaboos Univ. Med. J."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"600","DOI":"10.1007\/s12975-011-0117-x","article-title":"Elevated Peripheral Neutrophils and Matrix Metalloproteinase 9 as Biomarkers of Functional Outcome Following Subarachnoid Hemorrhage","volume":"2","author":"Chou","year":"2011","journal-title":"Transl. Stroke Res."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, Y., Wang, F., Li, Z., Mu, Y., Yong, V.W., and Xue, M. (2022). Neuroprotective Effects of Chlorogenic Acid in a Mouse Model of Intracerebral Hemorrhage Associated with Reduced Extracellular Matrix Metalloproteinase Inducer. Biomolecules, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/biom12081020"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1029","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000007035","article-title":"The Prevalence of MS in the United States: A Population-Based Estimate Using Health Claims Data","volume":"92","author":"Wallin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1816","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458520970841","article-title":"Rising Prevalence of Multiple Sclerosis Worldwide: Insights from the Atlas of MS, Third Edition","volume":"26","author":"Walton","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mult. Scler."},{"key":"ref_55","first-page":"2055217317715050","article-title":"Multiple Sclerosis Epidemiology in Latin America: An Updated Survey","volume":"3","author":"Cristiano","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mult. Scler. J. Exp. Transl. Clin."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1273","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-1331.2008.02330.x","article-title":"A Systematic Review of the Epidemiology of Multiple Sclerosis in South America","volume":"15","author":"Cristiano","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1513","DOI":"10.1007\/s10072-019-04230-6","article-title":"Multiple Sclerosis and Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorders in Argentina: Comparing Baseline Data from the Argentinean MS Registry (RelevarEM)","volume":"41","author":"Rojas","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurop.2021.07.001","article-title":"Eating Habits of Patients with Multiple Sclerosis in Three Different Countries: China, Spain and Cuba","volume":"1","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurol. Perspect."},{"key":"ref_59","unstructured":"(2022, December 20). Yerba Mate\u2014Statistics & Facts|Statista. Available online: https:\/\/www.statista.com\/topics\/7368\/yerba-mate\/#topicHeader__wrapper."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gawron-Gzella, A., Chanaj-Kaczmarek, J., and Cielecka-Piontek, J. (2021). Yerba Mate\u2014A Long but Current History. Nutrients, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13113706"}],"container-title":["Nutrients"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/17\/5\/897\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T16:46:42Z","timestamp":1760028402000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/17\/5\/897"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,4]]},"references-count":60,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3]]}},"alternative-id":["nu17050897"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu17050897","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6643"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6643","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,4]]}}}