{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T11:00:26Z","timestamp":1792062026620,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,6]],"date-time":"2025-03-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1741219200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Objectives: The application of whole fermented foods in sports nutrition for gut microbiota personalization is a promising area of investigation. Sauerkraut, a traditional fermented food, has not been extensively studied in this context. This study aimed to replicate earlier findings of a proof-of-concept study on the potential of sauerkraut for gut microbiota personalization in active athletes. Methods: A pilot follow-up study was conducted on active recreational athletes who consumed 250 g of organic pasteurized sauerkraut daily for 10 days. Changes in gut microbiota composition and functionality were assessed using 16S rRNA sequencing and metabolic pathway analysis across three time points: pre-intervention, postintervention, and one-month postintervention. Laboratory parameters, bowel function, and side effects were monitored throughout the study. Results: In total, 11 male participants with an average age of 30 years completed the study. The pilot follow-up study did not replicate the original study\u2019s findings on sauerkraut\u2019s short-term effects on \u03b2-diversity and taxonomic and functional groups. However, long-term effects of sauerkraut supplementation were demonstrated, including a significant reduction in \u03b1-diversity variance and increased gut microbiota composition similarity (\u03b2-diversity) as well as several significant changes in bacterial taxa and metabolic pathways after a washout period. The intervention also induced a transient decrease in B12 vitamin levels and a short- and long-term increase in leukocyte concentrations. The probability for physiological types of stools increased after one week of sauerkraut supplementation as well as the incidence of gastrointestinal side effects, such as bloating, diarrhea, pain, nausea, and constipation. Conclusions: This study suggests that the short-term effects on the gut microbiota of sauerkraut supplementation depend on its baseline status, but it can induce long-term effects. Sauerkraut supplementation requires a seven-day adaptation period. Further research is needed to explore the mechanisms behind the short- and long-term effects of sauerkraut supplementation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu17050929","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,6]],"date-time":"2025-03-06T11:11:27Z","timestamp":1741259487000},"page":"929","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["The Short- and Long-Term Effects of a Short Course of Sauerkraut Supplementation on the Gut Microbiota of Active Athletes: A Pilot Follow-Up Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Jadran","family":"Zonji\u0107","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology, University of Zagreb, Pierottijeva 6, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9508-9487","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrija","family":"Kara\u010di\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology, University of Zagreb, Pierottijeva 6, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"},{"name":"The Gut Microbiome Center (CCM), Jablanska 82, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"},{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital \u201cSveti Duh\u201d, Sveti Duh 64, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ivona","family":"Brodi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology, University of Zagreb, Pierottijeva 6, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antonio","family":"Star\u010devi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology, University of Zagreb, Pierottijeva 6, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-0368-6502","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ira","family":"Renko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology, University of Zagreb, Pierottijeva 6, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3758-4540","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"\u017deljko","family":"Krznari\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matija","family":"Ivan\u010di\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital \u201cSveti Duh\u201d, Sveti Duh 64, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5638-2739","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana-Marija","family":"Liberati Pr\u0161o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology, University of Zagreb, Pierottijeva 6, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"},{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital \u201cSveti Duh\u201d, Sveti Duh 64, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7688-2765","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zvonimir","family":"\u0160atali\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology, University of Zagreb, Pierottijeva 6, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1038\/s41575-020-00390-5","article-title":"The International Scientific Association for Probiotics and Prebiotics (ISAPP) consensus statement on fermented foods","volume":"18","author":"Marco","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.3390\/nu7010390","article-title":"Inclusion of fermented foods in food guides around the world","volume":"7","author":"Chilton","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"574","DOI":"10.1097\/MCO.0000000000000108","article-title":"Fermented food in the context of a healthy diet: How to produce novel functional foods?","volume":"17","author":"Leroy","year":"2014","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Clin. Nutr. Metab. Care"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Flachs, A., and Orkin, J.D. (2021). On pickles: Biological and sociocultural links between fermented foods and the human gut microbiome. J. Ethnobiol. Ethnomed., 17.","DOI":"10.1186\/s13002-021-00458-9"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1016\/j.copbio.2016.11.010","article-title":"Health benefits of fermented foods: Microbiota and beyond","volume":"44","author":"Marco","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1165","DOI":"10.3390\/applmicrobiol4030079","article-title":"Health Benefits of Kimchi, Sauerkraut, and Other Fermented Foods of the Genus Brassica","volume":"4","author":"Fijan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1004","DOI":"10.1002\/mnfr.201400780","article-title":"Contrasting effects of fresh and fermented kimchi consumption on gut microbiota composition and gene expression related to metabolic syndrome in obese Korean women","volume":"59","author":"Han","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mol. Nutr. Food Res."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00901-19","DOI":"10.1128\/mSystems.00901-19","article-title":"Consumption of Fermented Foods Is Associated with Systematic Differences in the Gut Microbiome and Metabolome","volume":"5","author":"Taylor","year":"2020","journal-title":"mSystems"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Le Roy, C.I., Kurilshikov, A., Leeming, E.R., Visconti, A., Bowyer, R.C.E., Menni, C., Falchi, M., Koutnikova, H., Veiga, P., and Zhernakova, A. (2022). Yoghurt consumption is associated with changes in the composition of the human gut microbiome and metabolome. BMC Microbiol., 22.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12866-021-02364-2"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Valentino, V., Magliulo, R., Farsi, D., Cotter, P.D., O\u2019Sullivan, O., Ercolini, D., and De Filippis, F. (2024). Fermented foods, their microbiome and its potential in boosting human health. Microb. Biotechnol., 17.","DOI":"10.1111\/1751-7915.14428"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4137","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2021.06.019","article-title":"Gut-microbiota-targeted diets modulate human immune status","volume":"184","author":"Wastyk","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1225","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v11.i8.1225","article-title":"Effect of fermented soy milk on the intestinal bacterial ecosystem","volume":"11","author":"Cheng","year":"2005","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.3109\/09637486.2011.630992","article-title":"Effects of non-fermented and fermented soybean milk intake on faecal microbiota and faecal metabolites in humans","volume":"63","author":"Inoguchi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Veiga, P., Pons, N., Agrawal, A., Oozeer, R., Guyonnet, D., Brazeilles, R., Faurie, J.-M., van Hylckama Vlieg, J.E.T., Houghton, L.A., and Whorwell, P.J. (2014). Changes of the human gut microbiome induced by a fermented milk product. Sci. Rep., 4.","DOI":"10.1038\/srep06328"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3568","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2014-8943","article-title":"Changes in human gut microbiota influenced by probiotic fermented milk ingestion","volume":"98","author":"Unno","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bellikci-Koyu, E., Sarer-Yurekli, B.P., Akyon, Y., Aydin-Kose, F., Karagozlu, C., Ozgen, A.G., Brinkmann, A., Nitsche, A., Ergunay, K., and Yilmaz, E. (2019). Effects of regular kefir consumption on gut microbiota in patients with metabolic syndrome: A parallel-group, randomized, controlled study. Nutrients, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11092089"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1680","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/nxaa077","article-title":"Does Consumption of Fermented Foods Modify the Human Gut Microbiota?","volume":"150","author":"Stiemsma","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Di Dio, M., Calella, P., Pelullo, C.P., Liguori, F., Di Onofrio, V., Gall\u00e8, F., and Liguori, G. (2023). Effects of Probiotic Supplementation on Sports Performance and Performance-Related Features in Athletes: A Systematic Review. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph20032226"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1038\/s41574-019-0250-2","article-title":"Can microbes increase exercise performance in athletes?","volume":"15","author":"Joyner","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Thierry, A., Madec, M.-N., Chuat, V., Bage, A.-S., Picard, O., Grondin, C., Ru\u00e9, O., Mariadassou, M., March\u00e9, L., and Valence, F. (2023). Microbial communities of a variety of 75 homemade fermented vegetables. Front. Microbiol., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2023.1323424"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Palmn\u00e4s-B\u00e9dard, M., de Santa Izabel, A., Dicksved, J., and Landberg, R. (2023). Characterization of the Bacterial Composition of 47 Fermented Foods in Sweden. Foods, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods12203827"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1007\/s10068-017-0279-8","article-title":"Dynamic changes of bacterial communities and nitrite character during northeastern Chinese sauerkraut fermentation","volume":"27","author":"Zhou","year":"2018","journal-title":"Food Sci. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gaudioso, G., Weil, T., Marzorati, G., Solovyev, P., Bontempo, L., Franciosi, E., Bertoldi, L., Pedrolli, C., Tuohy, K.M., and Fava, F. (2022). Microbial and metabolic characterization of organic artisanal sauerkraut fermentation and study of gut health-promoting properties of sauerkraut brine. Front. Microbiol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2022.929738"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micres.2013.09.015","article-title":"Traditionally produced sauerkraut as source of autochthonous functional starter cultures","volume":"169","author":"Kos","year":"2014","journal-title":"Microbiol. Res."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, X., Hu, W., Xiu, Z., Jiang, A., Yang, X., Saren, G., Ji, Y., Guan, Y., and Feng, K. (2020). Microbial Community Dynamics and Metabolome Changes During Spontaneous Fermentation of Northeast Sauerkraut from Different Households. Front. Microbiol., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2020.01878"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1186\/s40798-023-00576-6","article-title":"Effects of Probiotics and Vitamin\u2014Supplementation on Sports Performance Markers in Male Mixed Martial Arts Athletes: A Randomized Trial","volume":"9","author":"Kujach","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sport. Med.-Open"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.7453\/gahmj.2014.038","article-title":"Regular Consumption of Sauerkraut and Its Effect on Human Health: A Bibliometric Analysis","volume":"3","author":"Raak","year":"2014","journal-title":"Glob. Adv. Health Med."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5323","DOI":"10.1039\/C8FO00968F","article-title":"Lacto-fermented sauerkraut improves symptoms in IBS patients independent of product pasteurisation\u2014A pilot study","volume":"9","author":"Nielsen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nut.2009.05.008","article-title":"Improvement of constipation and liver function by plant-derived lactic acid bacteria: A double-blind, randomized trial","volume":"26","author":"Higashikawa","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nutrition"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1186\/1476-511X-11-29","article-title":"Effect of the consumption of a new symbiotic shake on glycemia and cholesterol levels in elderly people with type 2 diabetes mellitus","volume":"11","author":"Moroti","year":"2012","journal-title":"Lipids Health Dis."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kara\u010di\u0107, A., Zonji\u0107, J., Stefanov, E., Radolovi\u0107, K., Star\u010devi\u0107, A., Renko, I., Krznari\u0107, \u017d., Ivan\u010di\u0107, M., \u0160atali\u0107, Z., and Liberati Pr\u0161o, A.-M. (2024). Short-Term Supplementation of Sauerkraut Induces Favorable Changes in the Gut Microbiota of Active Athletes: A Proof-of-Concept Study. Nutrients, 16.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202411.1377.v1"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cancello, R., Turroni, S., Rampelli, S., Cattaldo, S., Candela, M., Cattani, L., Mai, S., Vietti, R., Scacchi, M., and Brigidi, P. (2019). Effect of Short-Term Dietary Intervention and Probiotic Mix Supplementation on the Gut Microbiota of Elderly Obese Women. Nutrients, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11123011"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lessard-Lord, J., Roussel, C., Lupien-Meilleur, J., G\u00e9n\u00e9reux, P., Richard, V., Guay, V., Roy, D., and Desjardins, Y. (2024). Short term supplementation with cranberry extract modulates gut microbiota in human and displays a bifidogenic effect. npj Biofilms Microbiomes, 10.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41522-024-00493-w"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1143","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2020.1736973","article-title":"Human behavior, not race or geography, is the strongest predictor of microbial succession in the gut bacteriome of infants","volume":"11","author":"Quin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1123\/ijsnem.2019-0098","article-title":"Development of an Athlete Diet Index for Rapid Dietary Assessment of Athletes","volume":"29","author":"Capling","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Sport Nutr. Exerc. Metab."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1016\/j.appet.2016.12.029","article-title":"Nutrition knowledge and Mediterranean diet adherence in the southeast United States: Validation of a field-based survey instrument","volume":"111","author":"Bottcher","year":"2017","journal-title":"Appetite"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1140","DOI":"10.3945\/jn.110.135566","article-title":"A short screener is valid for assessing Mediterranean diet adherence among older Spanish men and women","volume":"141","author":"Estruch","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1123\/ijspp.2021-0451","article-title":"Defining Training and Performance Caliber: A Participant Classification Framework","volume":"17","author":"McKay","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Sports Physiol. Perform."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"855","DOI":"10.1007\/s10068-022-01221-w","article-title":"Characterization of microbiota of naturally fermented sauerkraut by high-throughput sequencing","volume":"32","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Food Sci. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nikoli\u0107, M., Mile\u0161evi\u0107, J., Zekovi\u0107, M., Gurinovi\u0107, M., and Glibeti\u0107, M. (2018). The Development and Validation of Food Atlas for Portion Size Estimation in the Balkan Region. Front. Nutr., 5.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2018.00078"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sold\u00e1n, M., Argal\u00e1\u0161ov\u00e1, \u013d., Hadvinov\u00e1, L., Galileo, B., and Babjakov\u00e1, J. (2024). The Effect of Dietary Types on Gut Microbiota Composition and Development of Non-Communicable Diseases: A Narrative Review. Nutrients, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16183134"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Garc\u00eda-Conesa, M.-T., Philippou, E., Pafilas, C., Massaro, M., Quarta, S., Andrade, V., Jorge, R., Chervenkov, M., Ivanova, T., and Dimitrova, D. (2020). Exploring the Validity of the 14-Item Mediterranean Diet Adherence Screener (MEDAS): A Cross-National Study in Seven European Countries around the Mediterranean Region. Nutrients, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12102960"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hebestreit, K., Yahiaoui-Doktor, M., Engel, C., Vetter, W., Siniatchkin, M., Erickson, N., Halle, M., Kiechle, M., and Bischoff, S.C. (2017). Validation of the German version of the Mediterranean Diet Adherence Screener (MEDAS) questionnaire. BMC Cancer, 17.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12885-017-3337-y"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Papadaki, A., Johnson, L., Toumpakari, Z., England, C., Rai, M., Toms, S., Penfold, C., Zazpe, I., Mart\u00ednez-Gonz\u00e1lez, M.A., and Feder, G. (2018). Validation of the English Version of the 14-Item Mediterranean Diet Adherence Screener of the PREDIMED Study, in People at High Cardiovascular Risk in the UK. Nutrients, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu10020138"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cofs.2020.10.001","article-title":"Impact of drinking alcohol on gut microbiota: Recent perspectives on ethanol and alcoholic beverage","volume":"37","author":"Lee","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Food Sci."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ruggeri, S., Buonocore, P., and Amoriello, T. (2022). New Validated Short Questionnaire for the Evaluation of the Adherence of Mediterranean Diet and Nutritional Sustainability in All Adult Population Groups. Nutrients, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14235177"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"852","DOI":"10.1038\/s41587-019-0209-9","article-title":"Reproducible, interactive, scalable and extensible microbiome data science using QIIME 2","volume":"37","author":"Bolyen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bakdash, J.Z., and Marusich, L.R. (2017). Repeated Measures Correlation. Front. Psychol., 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2017.00456"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2517-6161.1995.tb02031.x","article-title":"Controlling the False Discovery Rate: A Practical and Powerful Approach to Multiple Testing","volume":"57","author":"Benjamini","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. R. Stat. Soc. Ser. B"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1080\/15366367.2019.1565254","article-title":"ggplot2: Elegant Graphics for Data Analysis (2nd ed.)","volume":"17","author":"Villanueva","year":"2019","journal-title":"Meas. Interdiscip. Res. Perspect."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kara\u010di\u0107, A., Renko, I., Krznari\u0107, \u017d., Klobu\u010dar, S., and Liberati Pr\u0161o, A.-M. (2024). The Association between the Firmicutes\/Bacteroidetes Ratio and Body Mass among European Population with the Highest Proportion of Adults with Obesity: An Observational Follow-Up Study from Croatia. Biomedicines, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines12102263"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"D445","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkz862","article-title":"The MetaCyc database of metabolic pathways and enzymes\u2014A 2019 update","volume":"48","author":"Caspi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hughes, R.L. (2019). A Review of the Role of the Gut Microbiome in Personalized Sports Nutrition. Front. Nutr., 6.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2019.00191"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhong, H., Nolte, S., Kr\u00fcger, K., Lenz, C., and Zentgraf, K. (2023). Optimizing the Gut Microbiota for Individualized Performance Development in Elite Athletes. Biology, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/biology12121491"},{"key":"ref_55","first-page":"450","article-title":"Examining The Relationship Between Gut Microbiota And Sports Performance: A Narrative Review","volume":"45","author":"Shatakshi","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Adv. Zool."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1913","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2013-306541","article-title":"Exercise and associated dietary extremes impact on gut microbial diversity","volume":"63","author":"Clarke","year":"2014","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Estaki, M., Pither, J., Baumeister, P., Little, J.P., Gill, S.K., Ghosh, S., Ahmadi-Vand, Z., Marsden, K.R., and Gibson, D.L. (2016). Cardiorespiratory fitness as a predictor of intestinal microbial diversity and distinct metagenomic functions. Microbiome, 4.","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-016-0189-7"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fontana, F., Longhi, G., Tarracchini, C., Mancabelli, L., Lugli, G.A., Alessandri, G., Turroni, F., Milani, C., and Ventura, M. (2023). The human gut microbiome of athletes: Metagenomic and metabolic insights. Microbiome, 11.","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-023-01470-9"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e15638","DOI":"10.14814\/phy2.15638","article-title":"Exercise training modifies xenometabolites in gut and circulation of lean and obese adults","volume":"11","author":"Kasperek","year":"2023","journal-title":"Physiol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Roselli, M., Natella, F., Zinno, P., Guantario, B., Canali, R., Schifano, E., De Angelis, M., Nikoloudaki, O., Gobbetti, M., and Perozzi, G. (2021). Colonization Ability and Impact on Human Gut Microbiota of Foodborne Microbes from Traditional or Probiotic-Added Fermented Foods: A Systematic Review. Front. Nutr., 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2021.689084"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chandrasekaran, P., Weiskirchen, S., and Weiskirchen, R. (2024). Effects of Probiotics on Gut Microbiota: An Overview. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25116022"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dimidi, E., Cox, S.R., Rossi, M., and Whelan, K. (2019). Fermented Foods: Definitions and Characteristics, Impact on the Gut Microbiota and Effects on Gastrointestinal Health and Disease. Nutrients, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11081806"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zabat, M.A., Sano, W.H., Wurster, J.I., Cabral, D.J., and Belenky, P. (2018). Microbial Community Analysis of Sauerkraut Fermentation Reveals a Stable and Rapidly Established Community. Foods, 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods7050077"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S67","DOI":"10.1097\/01.mcg.0000128929.37156.a7","article-title":"Tolerance of probiotics and prebiotics","volume":"38","author":"Marteau","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Clin. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1256","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.6.1256","article-title":"Probiotic use in clinical practice: What are the risks?","volume":"83","author":"Boyle","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2185034","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2023.2185034","article-title":"Emerging issues in probiotic safety: 2023 perspectives","volume":"15","author":"Merenstein","year":"2023","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"}],"container-title":["Nutrients"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/17\/5\/929\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T16:48:32Z","timestamp":1760028512000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/17\/5\/929"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,6]]},"references-count":66,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3]]}},"alternative-id":["nu17050929"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu17050929","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6643"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6643","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,6]]}}}