{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,24]],"date-time":"2026-06-24T06:07:48Z","timestamp":1782281268012,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":222,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,12]],"date-time":"2025-03-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1741737600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Science and Technology Council, Taiwan","award":["113-2314-B-182A-118"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["113-2314-B-182A-118"]}]},{"name":"National Science and Technology Council, Taiwan","award":["CORPG8M0351"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CORPG8M0351"]}]},{"name":"Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan","award":["113-2314-B-182A-118"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["113-2314-B-182A-118"]}]},{"name":"Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan","award":["CORPG8M0351"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CORPG8M0351"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The benefits of breastfeeding for both mother and infant are generally recognized; however, the connections between breast milk, lactation, and long-term offspring health and disease remain incompletely understood. Cardiovascular\u2013kidney\u2013metabolic syndrome (CKMS) has become a major global public health challenge. Insufficient breast milk supply, combined with various early-life environmental factors, markedly increases the future risk of CKMS, as highlighted by the developmental origins of health and disease (DOHaD) concept. Given its richness in nutrients and bioactive components essential for infant health, this review focuses on reprogramming strategies involving breast milk to improve offspring\u2019s cardiovascular, kidney, and metabolic health. It also highlights recent experimental advances in understanding the mechanisms driving CKMS programming. Cumulatively, the evidence suggests that lactational impairment heightens the risk of CKMS development. In contrast, early interventions during the lactation period focused on animal models that leverage breast milk components in response to early-life cues show potential in improving cardiovascular, kidney, and metabolic outcomes\u2014an area warranting further investigation and clinical translation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu17060995","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,12]],"date-time":"2025-03-12T07:31:42Z","timestamp":1741764702000},"page":"995","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Breastfeeding and Future Cardiovascular, Kidney, and Metabolic Health\u2014A Narrative Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7059-6407","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"You-Lin","family":"Tain","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pediatric Nephrology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan"},{"name":"College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Kaohsiung Municipal Ta-Tung Hospital, Kaohsiung 801, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ying-Jui","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan"},{"name":"Division of Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Respiratory Therapy, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Early Childhood Care and Education, Cheng Shiu University, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7470-528X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chien-Ning","family":"Hsu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan"},{"name":"School of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2015.08.013","article-title":"Human breast milk: A review on its composition and bioactivity","volume":"91","author":"Andreas","year":"2015","journal-title":"Early Hum. 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