{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T07:35:55Z","timestamp":1789544155114,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,12]],"date-time":"2025-03-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1741737600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Our studies have provided evidence for the alteration of exercise-induced metabolic responses by the intake of anthocyanin-rich New Zealand blackcurrant (NZBC) extract. In this secondary analysis of 10 studies, we examined the relationship between the pre-intervention exercise-induced respiratory exchange ratio and the blackcurrant-induced respiratory exchange ratio and substrate utilisation during exercise. Methods: Metabolic data of seven cohort and three case studies with females (n = 46) and males (n = 71), from recreationally active to ultra-endurance trained individuals that were dosed with different intake durations (acute to two-week intake) and dosages (105 to 420 mg of anthocyanins) of NZBC extract for walking-, running-, and cycling-induced effects, were included in the secondary analysis. Results: There was a strong positive correlation between the pre-intervention and blackcurrant-induced respiratory exchange ratio for females (Pearson r: 0.7972, p &lt; 0.0001) and males (Pearson r: 0.8674, p &lt; 0.0001). A moderate positive correlation was obtained for the relationship between the pre-intervention respiratory exchange ratio and changes in fat oxidation for females (Pearson r: 0.5311, p = 0.0001) and males (Pearson r: 0.3136, p = 0.002). In addition, a moderate negative correlation was obtained for the relationship between the pre-intervention respiratory exchange ratio and changes in carbohydrate oxidation for females (Pearson r: \u22120.3017, p = 0.0393) and males (Pearson r: \u22120.3327, p &lt; 0.001). There were no differences between females and males in the changes of the exercise-induced metabolic responses to the intake of New Zealand blackcurrant extract. Conclusions: Our secondary analysis of the data in studies on the effects of New Zealand blackcurrant extract suggests that the metabolic response of individuals to the intake of New Zealand blackcurrant extract depends partly on the pre-intervention respiratory exchange ratio, with the majority of individuals showing enhanced exercise-induced fat oxidation and lower exercise-induced carbohydrate oxidation. However, a divergent metabolic response seems possible such that individuals with a very low intrinsic respiratory exchange ratio may more likely experience lower fat oxidation and higher carbohydrate oxidation with the intake of New Zealand blackcurrant. Individuals with a high intrinsic respiratory exchange will more likely experience higher fat oxidation and lower carbohydrate oxidation with the intake of New Zealand blackcurrant. Future work is required to examine the factors and mechanisms for the individual variation of the response of exercise-induced substrate utilisation relative to the intake of anthocyanin-rich New Zealand blackcurrant extracts.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu17060997","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,12]],"date-time":"2025-03-12T07:31:42Z","timestamp":1741764702000},"page":"997","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Alterations of Exercise-Induced Carbohydrate and Fat Oxidation by Anthocyanin-Rich New Zealand Blackcurrant Are Associated with the Pre-Intervention Metabolic Function: A Secondary Analysis of Randomized Crossover Trials"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4385-8739","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mark","family":"Willems","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Applied Sciences, University of Chichester, College Lane, Chichester PO19 6PE, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6293-7566","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matthew","family":"Cook","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Sport & Exercise Science, University of Worcester, Henwick Grove, Worcester WR2 6AJ, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1987.63.1.167","article-title":"ATP utilization and force during intermittent and continuous muscle contractions","volume":"63","author":"Chasiotis","year":"1987","journal-title":"J. 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