{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,25]],"date-time":"2025-11-25T06:59:12Z","timestamp":1764053952029,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":83,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,18]],"date-time":"2025-03-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1742256000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a progressive pathology, with high global prevalence, associated with inflammation and oxidative stress. Given the limited capacity of conventional treatments to reverse renal damage, complementary alternatives have emerged such as supplementation with anthocyanins from maqui (Aristotelia chilensis), known for their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. This review analyzes the evidence for their impact on CKD progression. Methods: A narrative review of the experimental literature regarding maqui anthocyanins, their bioavailability, and their effects on oxidative stress, inflammation, and CKD to January 2025 was conducted. Articles without peer review or without a focus on Aristotelia chilensis were excluded, guaranteeing an updated compilation on its nephroprotective potential. Results: Anthocyanins have shown benefits in reducing oxidative stress, inflammation, and glycemia regulation. Preclinical studies suggest improvements in renal function as well as less fibrosis. Human trials indicate positive effects on metabolism, although evidence in CKD patients is limited. Bioavailability remains a challenge to optimizing efficacy. Conclusions: Maqui is a promising source of anthocyanins, with nephroprotective potential. However, robust clinical studies are required to determine its safety, optimal dose, and long-term impact in CKD. Its incorporation into evidence-based therapeutic strategies could offer an innovative approach in the management of this disease. More clinical studies are needed to validate the preclinical findings and optimize the therapeutic use of maqui in CKD.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu17061058","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,18]],"date-time":"2025-03-18T06:02:40Z","timestamp":1742277760000},"page":"1058","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Maqui and Chronic Kidney Disease: A Narrative Review on the Potential Nephroprotective Role of Anthocyanins"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Caterina","family":"Tiscornia","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Escuela de Nutrici\u00f3n y Diet\u00e9tica, Universidad Finis Terrae, Santiago 7501014, Chile"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-8319-3683","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Violeta","family":"Tapia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Escuela de Nutrici\u00f3n y Diet\u00e9tica, Universidad Finis Terrae, Santiago 7501014, Chile"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-6108-5958","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniela","family":"\u00c1guila","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Escuela de Nutrici\u00f3n y Diet\u00e9tica, Universidad Finis Terrae, Santiago 7501014, Chile"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1881-2798","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Enrique","family":"Lorca-Ponce","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Escuela de Enfermer\u00eda, Universidad Finis Terrae, Santiago 7501014, Chile"},{"name":"Escuela de Kinesiolog\u00eda, Facultad de Arte y Educaci\u00f3n F\u00edsica, Universidad Metropolitana en Ciencias de la Santiago, Santiago 7760197, Chile"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Valeria","family":"Aicardi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidad de Di\u00e1lisis, Cl\u00ednica Indisa, Santiago 7501014, Chile"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fabi\u00e1n","family":"V\u00e1squez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Escuela de Nutrici\u00f3n y Diet\u00e9tica, Universidad Finis Terrae, Santiago 7501014, Chile"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"(2025, January 27). Gu\u00edas de Pr\u00e1ctica Cl\u00ednicas Ges Prevenci\u00f3n Secundaria de la Enfermedad Renal Cr\u00f3nica\u20142017. Available online: https:\/\/diprece.minsal.cl\/wrdprss_minsal\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/2017.10.24_ENFERMEDAD-RENAL-CRONICA.pdf."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.kisu.2021.11.003","article-title":"Epidemiology of chronic kidney disease: An update 2022","volume":"12","author":"Kovesdy","year":"2022","journal-title":"Kidney Int. Suppl."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"s03","DOI":"10.1590\/1806-9282.66.s1.3","article-title":"Chronic Kidney Disease","volume":"66","author":"Ammirati","year":"2020","journal-title":"Rev. Assoc. Medica Bras. (1992)"},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"(2025, January 27). Kidney Disease: The Basics Fast Facts. Available online: www.kidney.org\/covid-19."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) CKD Work Group (2024). KDIGO 2024 Clinical Practice Guideline for the Evaluation and Management of Chronic Kidney Disease. Kidney Int., 105, S117\u2013S314.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.kint.2023.10.018"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1038\/s41581-019-0248-y","article-title":"Targeting the progression of chronic kidney disease","volume":"16","author":"Lamas","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1737","DOI":"10.1093\/ckj\/sfad101","article-title":"Management of traditional risk factors for the development and progression of chronic kidney disease","volume":"16","author":"Lo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin. Kidney J."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"D\u2019andurain, J., L\u00f3pez, V., Arazo-Rusindo, M., Tiscornia, C., Aicardi, V., Sim\u00f3n, L., and Mariotti-Celis, M.S. (2023). Effect of Curcumin Consumption on Inflammation and Oxidative Stress in Patients on Hemodialysis: A Literature Review. Nutrients, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15102239"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nefro.2021.07.010","article-title":"Documento de informaci\u00f3n y consenso para la detecci\u00f3n y manejo de la enfermedad renal cr\u00f3nica","volume":"42","author":"Bover","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nefrolog\u00eda"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2016.05.009","article-title":"Established and Emerging Strategies in the Treatment of Chronic Kidney Disease","volume":"36","author":"Fried","year":"2016","journal-title":"Semin. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8416763","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/8416763","article-title":"Oxidative Stress: Harms and Benefits for Human Health","volume":"2017","author":"Pizzino","year":"2017","journal-title":"Oxid. Med. Cell Longev."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ho, H.J., and Shirakawa, H. (2022). Oxidative Stress and Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Chronic Kidney Disease. Cells, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells12010088"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Irazabal, M.V., and Torres, V.E. (2020). Reactive Oxygen Species and Redox Signaling in Chronic Kidney Disease. Cells, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells9061342"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2025","DOI":"10.1002\/jnr.24042","article-title":"Mitochondrial biogenesis in neurodegeneration","volume":"95","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Neurosci. Res."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gureev, A.P., Shaforostova, E.A., and Popov, V.N. (2019). Regulation of Mitochondrial Biogenesis as a Way for Active Longevity: Interaction Between the Nrf2 and PGC-1\u03b1 Signaling Pathways. Front. Genet., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fgene.2019.00435"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4892","DOI":"10.1111\/jcmm.15194","article-title":"Mitochondrial biogenesis: An update","volume":"24","author":"Popov","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Cell Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"941","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1742-4658.2011.08010.x","article-title":"Mitochondrial oxidative stress causes mitochondrial fragmentation via differential modulation of mitochondrial fission-fusion proteins","volume":"278","author":"Wu","year":"2011","journal-title":"FEBS J."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1062","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1219855","article-title":"Mitochondrial Fission, Fusion, and Stress","volume":"337","author":"Youle","year":"2012","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1939","DOI":"10.1089\/ars.2010.3779","article-title":"The Interplay Between Mitochondrial Dynamics and Mitophagy","volume":"14","author":"Twig","year":"2011","journal-title":"Antioxid. Redox Signal."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R393","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.00584.2012","article-title":"Mitochondrial morphology transitions and functions: Implications for retrograde signaling?","volume":"304","author":"Picard","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Integr. Comp. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gall, J.M., Wang, Z., Liesa, M., Molina, A., Havasi, A., Schwartz, J.H., Shirihai, O., Borkan, S.C., and Bonegio, R.G.B. (2012). Role of Mitofusin 2 in the Renal Stress Response. PLoS ONE, 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0031074"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.23876\/j.krcp.20.163","article-title":"Implications of oxidative stress in chronic kidney disease: A review on current concepts and therapies","volume":"40","author":"Verma","year":"2021","journal-title":"Kidney Res. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S4","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.2008.516","article-title":"Oxidative stress and inflammation, a link between chronic kidney disease and cardiovascular disease","volume":"74","author":"Cachofeiro","year":"2008","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"975","DOI":"10.1007\/s00467-018-4005-4","article-title":"Oxidative stress in chronic kidney disease","volume":"34","author":"Daenen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pediatr. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lv, W., Booz, G.W., Fan, F., Wang, Y., and Roman, R.J. (2018). Oxidative Stress and Renal Fi-brosis: Recent Insights for the Development of Novel Therapeutic Strategies. Front. Physiol., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2018.00105"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1007\/s00109-021-02037-7","article-title":"Vascular pathologies in chronic kidney disease: Pathophysiological mechanisms and novel therapeutic approaches","volume":"99","author":"Zietzer","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1159\/000070991","article-title":"Vitamin C in chronic kidney disease and hemodialysis patients","volume":"26","author":"Deicher","year":"2003","journal-title":"Kidney Blood Press. Res."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1987.tb23761.x","article-title":"Interaction of ascorbate and alpha-tocopherol","volume":"498","author":"Niki","year":"1987","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yeung, C.K., Billings, F.T., Claessens, A.J., Roshanravan, B., Linke, L., Sundell, M.B., Ahmad, S., Shao, B., Shen, D.D., and Ikizler, T.A. (2015). Coenzyme Q10 dose-escalation study in hemodialysis patients: Safety, tolerability, and effect on oxidative stress. BMC Nephrol., 16.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12882-015-0178-2"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.5301\/ijao.5000078","article-title":"Oxidative stress markers in hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis patients, including coenzyme Q10 and ischemia-modified albumin","volume":"35","author":"Mehmetoglu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Artif. Organs"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.3109\/00365599.2011.585622","article-title":"Oral supplementation of turmeric attenuates proteinuria, transforming growth factor-\u03b2 and interleukin-8 levels in patients with overt type 2 diabetic nephropathy: A randomized, double-blind and placebo-controlled study","volume":"45","author":"Khajehdehi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Scand. J. Urol. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1007\/s11883-004-0087-5","article-title":"Omega-3 fatty acids and inflammation","volume":"6","author":"Mori","year":"2004","journal-title":"Curr. Atheroscler. Rep."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"963217","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/963217","article-title":"Resveratrol: Why is it a promising therapy for chronic kidney disease patients?","volume":"2013","author":"Saldanha","year":"2013","journal-title":"Oxid. Med. Cell Longev."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74217","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.18540","article-title":"A novel pan-Nox inhibitor, APX-115, protects kidney injury in streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice: Possible role of peroxisomal and mitochondrial biogenesis","volume":"8","author":"Kwon","year":"2017","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1038\/labinvest.2017.2","article-title":"APX-115, a first-in-class pan-NADPH oxidase (Nox) inhibitor, protects db\/db mice from renal injury","volume":"97","author":"Cha","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lab. Investig."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1159\/000486398","article-title":"Bardoxolone Methyl Improves Kidney Function in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease Stage 4 and Type 2 Diabetes: Post-Hoc Analyses from Bardoxolone Methyl Evaluation in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease and Type 2 Diabetes Study","volume":"47","author":"Chin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am. J. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rapa, S.F., Di Iorio, B.R., Campiglia, P., Heidland, A., and Marzocco, S. (2019). Inflammation and Oxidative Stress in Chronic Kidney Disease-Potential Therapeutic Role of Minerals, Vitamins and Plant-Derived Metabolites. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21010263"},{"key":"ref_38","first-page":"137","article-title":"Clinical guidelines on identitication, management and complications of chronic kidney disease","volume":"137","author":"Flores","year":"2009","journal-title":"Rev. M\u00e9d. Chile"},{"key":"ref_39","unstructured":"(2025, January 27). Encuesta Nacional de Salud 2016\u20132017 Primeros Resultados. Available online: https:\/\/redsalud.ssmso.cl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/02\/ENS-2016-17_PRIMEROS-RESULTADOS-ilovepdf-compressed.pdf."},{"key":"ref_40","first-page":"779","article-title":"Recognition and prevention of chronic kidney disease (CKD)","volume":"21","author":"Orozco","year":"2010","journal-title":"Rev. Medica Clin. Las Condes"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1007\/s13668-021-00388-8","article-title":"Nutrition, Immunology, and Kidney: Looking Beyond the Horizons","volume":"11","author":"Afsar","year":"2022","journal-title":"Curr. Nutr. Rep."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1159\/000085686","article-title":"Oxidative stress and reactive oxygen species","volume":"149","author":"Galli","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Disord. Hemodial."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jin, Q., Liu, T., Qiao, Y., Liu, D., Yang, L., Mao, H., Ma, F., Wang, Y., Peng, L., and Zhan, Y. (2023). Oxidative stress and inflammation in diabetic nephropathy: Role of polyphenols. Front. Immunol., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1185317"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"508","DOI":"10.3109\/03602532.2014.978080","article-title":"Bioavailability of anthocyanins","volume":"46","author":"Fang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Drug Metab. Rev."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1014","DOI":"10.1080\/10715760600758522","article-title":"Anthocyanins: Structural characteristics that result in unique metabolic patterns and biological activities","volume":"40","author":"Prior","year":"2006","journal-title":"Free Radic. Res."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.1007\/s00204-020-02689-3","article-title":"Antioxidants and antioxidant methods: An updated overview","volume":"94","author":"Gulcin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Arch. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1753-4887.1998.tb01670.x","article-title":"Polyphenols: Chemistry, dietary sources, metabolism, and nutritional significance","volume":"56","author":"Bravo","year":"1998","journal-title":"Nutr. Rev."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Del B\u00f2, C., Bernardi, S., Marino, M., Porrini, M., Tucci, M., Guglielmetti, S., Cherubini, A., Carrieri, B., Kirkup, B., and Kroon, P. (2019). Systematic Review on Polyphenol Intake and Health Outcomes: Is there Sufficient Evidence to Define a Health-Promoting Polyphenol-Rich Dietary Pattern?. Nutrients, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11061355"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1361779","DOI":"10.1080\/16546628.2017.1361779","article-title":"Anthocyanidins and anthocyanins: Colored pigments as food, pharmaceutical ingredients, and the potential health benefits","volume":"61","author":"Khoo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Food Nutr. Res."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Panchal, S.K., John, O.D., Mathai, M.L., and Brown, L. (2022). Anthocyanins in Chronic Diseases: The Power of Purple. Nutrients, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14102161"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Garc\u00eda-Milla, P., Pe\u00f1alver, R., and Nieto, G. (2024). A Review of the Functional Characteristics and Applications of Aristotelia chilensis (Maqui Berry), in the Food Industry. Foods, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods13060838"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2028","DOI":"10.1104\/pp.109.146985","article-title":"DkMyb4 is a Myb transcription factor involved in proanthocyanidin biosynthesis in persimmon fruit","volume":"151","author":"Akagi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Plant Physiol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111979","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2019.111979","article-title":"Patagonian berries as native food and medicine","volume":"241","author":"Theoduloz","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Quispe-Fuentes, I., Vega-G\u00e1lvez, A., and Campos-Requena, V.H. (2017). Antioxidant Compound Extraction from Maqui (Aristotelia chilensis [Mol] Stuntz) Berries: Optimization by Response Surface Methodology. Antioxidants, 6.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox6010010"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2008.05.020","article-title":"Anthocyanins and their role in cancer prevention","volume":"269","author":"Wang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cancer Lett."},{"key":"ref_56","first-page":"1508","article-title":"Biotransformation of anthocyanins by gut microflora and their effects on gut and cardiovascular health","volume":"24","author":"Huang","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_57","unstructured":"Salinas, J., and Caball\u00e9, G. (2025, January 27). Maqui el Fruto Silvestre de Mayor Importancia en Chile\u2014Santiago: Instituto Forestal. Available online: https:\/\/hdl.handle.net\/20.500.14001\/67594."},{"key":"ref_58","first-page":"1413","article-title":"The effect of antioxidants supplementation on oxidative stress and proinflammatory biomarkers in patients with chronic kidney disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"27","author":"Supriyadi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur. Rev. Med. Pharmacol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_59","first-page":"860","article-title":"Antioxidant and cardioprotective activities of phenolic extracts from fruits of Chilean blackberry Aristotelia chilensis (Elaeocarpaceae), Maqui","volume":"107","author":"Pavon","year":"2008","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1007\/s00011-021-01438-1","article-title":"Potential of anthocyanin as an anti-inflammatory agent: A human clinical trial on type 2 diabetic, diabetic at-risk and healthy adults","volume":"70","author":"Nikbakht","year":"2021","journal-title":"Inflamm. Res."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"742","DOI":"10.3945\/jn.114.205674","article-title":"Purified anthocyanin supplementation reduces dyslipidemia, enhances antioxidant capacity, and prevents insulin resistance in diabetic patients","volume":"145","author":"Li","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_62","first-page":"7","article-title":"Los polifenoles, compuestos con efectos beneficiosos sobre la salud","volume":"27","author":"Miguel","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nutr. Hosp."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1111\/jpn.12070","article-title":"Polyphenol compounds in the chicken\/animal diet: From the past to the future","volume":"98","author":"Surai","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Anim. Physiol. Anim. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"510","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-022-03717-9","article-title":"Anthocyanin improves kidney function in diabetic kidney disease by regulating amino acid metabolism","volume":"20","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Madduma-Hewage, S., Prashar, S., Debnath, S.C., O, K., and Siow, Y.L. (2020). Inhibition of Inflammatory Cytokine Expression Prevents High-Fat Diet-Induced Kidney Injury: Role of Lingonberry Supplementation. Front. Med., 7.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2020.00080"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1223","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2018.04.137","article-title":"Cyanidin-3-O-glucoside ameliorates diabetic nephropathy through regulation of glutathione pool","volume":"103","author":"Qin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alvarado, J.L., Leschot, A., Olivera-Nappa, \u00c1., Salgado, A.M., Rioseco, H., Lyon, C., and Vigil, P. (2016). Delphinidin-Rich Maqui Berry Extract (Delphinol\u00ae) Lowers Fasting and Postprandial Glycemia and Insulinemia in Prediabetic Individuals during Oral Glucose Tolerance Tests. Biomed Res. Int., 2016.","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/9070537"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1080\/07315724.2015.1080108","article-title":"A Randomized Clinical Trial Evaluating the Efficacy of an Anthocyanin-Maqui Berry Extract (Delphinol\u00ae) on Oxidative Stress Biomarkers","volume":"34","author":"Davinelli","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am. Coll. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_69","unstructured":"Varghese, R.T., and Jialal, I. (2025). Diabetic Nephropathy, StatPearls Publishing."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cris\u00f3stomo-Ayala, K.A., Sabater-Jara, A.B., P\u00e9rez Manriquez, C., Ferreres, F., Gil-Izquierdo, \u00c1., Pedre\u00f1o, M.\u00c1., Hern\u00e1ndez de la Torre, M., Sanchez-Olate, M., and R\u00edos Leal, D.G. (2021). Comparative Study of Metabolomic Profile and Antioxidant Content of Adult and In Vitro Leaves of Aristotelia chilensis. Plants, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/plants11010037"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"886","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2009.07.045","article-title":"Phytochemical profile and the antioxidant activity of Chilean wild black-berry fruits, Aristotelia chilensis (Mol) Stuntz (Elaeocarpaceae)","volume":"119","author":"Avila","year":"2010","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2015.05.097","article-title":"Detailed analyses of fresh and dried maqui (Aristotelia chilensis (Mol.) Stuntz) berries and juice","volume":"190","author":"Brauch","year":"2016","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_73","first-page":"166","article-title":"Optimizaci\u00f3n de la extracci\u00f3n de antocianinas de ar\u00e1ndanos","volume":"49","author":"Zapata","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cienc. Docencia Tecnol."},{"key":"ref_74","first-page":"291","article-title":"Propiedades fisicoqu\u00edmicas de frutos silvestres de Rubus con potencial nutrac\u00e9utico y alimenticio","volume":"10","year":"2019","journal-title":"Rev. Mex. Cienc. Agric."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1051\/fruits\/2014026","article-title":"Chemometric analysis of antioxidant activity and anthocyanin content of selected wild and cultivated small fruit from Serbia","volume":"69","author":"Mitic","year":"2014","journal-title":"Fruits"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.47187\/perf.v2i22.54","article-title":"Nuevas fuentes de antioxidantes naturales: Caracterizaci\u00f3n de compuestos bioactivos en cinco frutos nativos de chile","volume":"2","year":"2020","journal-title":"Perfiles"},{"key":"ref_77","unstructured":"(2025, January 27). Base de Datos de Actividad Antioxidante (ORAC) y de Contenido de Polifenoles Totales (PFT) en Frutas. Portal Antioxidantes\u20142021. Available online: https:\/\/portalantioxidantes.com\/base-de-datos-de-actividad-antioxidante-orac-y-de-contenido-de-polifenoles-totales-pft-en-frutas\/."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"774","DOI":"10.1016\/j.indcrop.2016.09.057","article-title":"Assessment of polyphenolic profile stability and changes in the antioxidant potential of maqui berry (Aristotelia chilensis (Molina) Stuntz) during in vitro gastrointestinal digestion","volume":"94","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ind. Crops Prod."},{"key":"ref_79","unstructured":"(2025, January 27). Biodisponibilidad\u2014Diccionario M\u00e9dico: Cl\u00ednica Universidad de Navarra. Available online: https:\/\/www.cun.es\/diccionario-medico\/terminos\/biodisponibilidad."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1925","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0010(200010)80:13<1925::AID-JSFA714>3.0.CO;2-4","article-title":"The problems of using one-dimensional methods to evaluate multifunctional food and biological antioxidants","volume":"80","author":"Frankel","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Sci. Food Agric."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"997","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.5b04739","article-title":"Antioxidant activity\/capacity measurement. Classification, physicochemical principles, mechanisms, and electron transfer (ET)-based assays","volume":"64","author":"Apak","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_82","first-page":"109","article-title":"Extracts of maqui (Aristotelia chilensis) protect against hydrogen peroxide-induced oxidative stress in cultured neuronal cells","volume":"44","author":"Rubilar","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biol. Res."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110745","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nut.2020.110745","article-title":"A dose-response evaluation of purified anthocyanins on inflammatory and oxidative biomarkers and metabolic risk factors in healthy young adults: A randomized controlled trial","volume":"74","author":"Guo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nutrition"}],"container-title":["Nutrients"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/17\/6\/1058\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T16:55:47Z","timestamp":1760028947000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/17\/6\/1058"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,18]]},"references-count":83,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3]]}},"alternative-id":["nu17061058"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu17061058","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6643"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2072-6643"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,18]]}}}