{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T13:39:37Z","timestamp":1788874777200,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,28]],"date-time":"2025-03-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1743120000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: This scoping review explores the relationship between ultra-processed food (UPF), bone health, and joint diseases, focusing on its potential impact on bone mineral density (BMD), osteoporosis, osteoarthritis, and inflammatory arthritis, including rheumatoid arthritis (RA), gout, and spondyloarthritis. Methods: A search strategy was developed using key terms such as \u201cultra-processed food\u201d and related terms like \u201cfast food,\u201d alongside various definitions of bone health impairment, chronic degenerative joint diseases, and inflammatory arthritis. Results: A total of 19 studies were included: 12 on bone health, 3 on osteoarthritis, and 4 on inflammatory arthritis. Preclinical studies showed that UPF consumption negatively affects bone structure and strength. In studies on children and adults, four investigations (2013\u20132017) found no association between fast food intake and BMD. However, more recent large-scale cross-sectional studies linked higher UPF consumption to lower BMD, increased osteoporosis risk, and greater prevalence of osteopenia, particularly in postmenopausal women. UPF intake was associated with knee osteoarthritis risk, with evidence suggesting an interaction with cartilage thickness, though no association was found for hip osteoarthritis. In inflammatory arthritis, UK Biobank data indicated a higher risk of RA and gout in UPF consumers, while a Brazilian study reported worse metabolic profiles in RA patients. No significant differences in UPF intake were found in spondyloarthritis. Conclusions: This review highlights relevant considerations about the deleterious role of UPF on bone health and joint diseases, providing additional evidence to suggest healthier dietary patterns to patients and to the general population.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu17071188","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,31]],"date-time":"2025-03-31T01:59:36Z","timestamp":1743386376000},"page":"1188","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Ultra-Processed Food and Its Impact on Bone Health and Joint Diseases: A Scoping Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9446-7351","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jacopo","family":"Ciaffi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Medicine & Rheumatology Unit, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, 40136 Bologna, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (DIBINEM), Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, 40123 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8229-2443","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luana","family":"Mancarella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medicine & Rheumatology Unit, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, 40136 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claudio","family":"Ripamonti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medicine & Rheumatology Unit, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, 40136 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7421-0014","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrea","family":"D\u2019Amuri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"General Medicine Unit, Medical Department, ASST Mantova, Ospedale Carlo Poma, 46100 Mantova, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Veronica","family":"Brusi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medicine & Rheumatology Unit, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, 40136 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Federica","family":"Pignatti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medicine & Rheumatology Unit, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, 40136 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lucia","family":"Lisi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medicine & Rheumatology Unit, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, 40136 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8194-8642","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesco","family":"Ursini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medicine & Rheumatology Unit, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, 40136 Bologna, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (DIBINEM), Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, 40123 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"936","DOI":"10.1017\/S1368980018003762","article-title":"Ultra-Processed Foods: What They Are and How to Identify Them","volume":"22","author":"Monteiro","year":"2019","journal-title":"Public Health Nutr."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e068921","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj-2021-068921","article-title":"Association of Ultra-Processed Food Consumption with Colorectal Cancer Risk among Men and Women: Results from Three Prospective US Cohort Studies","volume":"378","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13126","DOI":"10.1111\/obr.13126","article-title":"Ultra-Processed Foods and the Nutrition Transition: Global, Regional and National Trends, Food Systems Transformations and Political Economy Drivers","volume":"21","author":"Baker","year":"2020","journal-title":"Obes. 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