{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]],"date-time":"2026-10-20T08:05:55Z","timestamp":1792483555670,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":73,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,3]],"date-time":"2025-04-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1743638400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Obesity can cause the onset of heart failure and exacerbate the status of the pre-existing disease. Through intricate pathways, obesity activates hormonal factors that encourage the development of inflammation and lead to increased congestion. Consequently, this complex parallel pathophysiological cascade contributes to the echocardiographic and clinical signs of heart failure. In these patients, obesity frequently coexists with nutritional and muscular profile abnormalities that manifest as cachexia or sarcopenia. Patients with heart failure have a higher chance of surviving when obesity is treated. Interventional, pharmaceutical, and dietary strategies are used as forms of therapy. This review delves into the evaluation of the relationship between obesity and heart failure, and it targets to highlight the therapeutical impact of weight-loss programs on cardiac function in individuals with heart failure and obesity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu17071250","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,3]],"date-time":"2025-04-03T05:51:26Z","timestamp":1743659486000},"page":"1250","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Tracking Pathways Linking Obesity with Heart Failure"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5190-550X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eleni","family":"Manta","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"First Department of Cardiology, Hippokration General Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 114 Vasilissis Sofias Avenue, 11527 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-5768-9125","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Panagiotis","family":"Iliakis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"First Department of Cardiology, Hippokration General Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 114 Vasilissis Sofias Avenue, 11527 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5598-9950","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christos","family":"Fragoulis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"First Department of Cardiology, Hippokration General Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 114 Vasilissis Sofias Avenue, 11527 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6992-2906","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ioannis","family":"Leontsinis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"First Department of Cardiology, Hippokration General Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 114 Vasilissis Sofias Avenue, 11527 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ioannis","family":"Stamoulopoulos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"First Department of Cardiology, Hippokration General Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 114 Vasilissis Sofias Avenue, 11527 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6340-3996","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christina","family":"Chrysohoou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"First Department of Cardiology, Hippokration General Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 114 Vasilissis Sofias Avenue, 11527 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7636-6725","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Konstantinos","family":"Tsioufis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"First Department of Cardiology, Hippokration General Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 114 Vasilissis Sofias Avenue, 11527 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"(2024, August 28). Obesity. Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/health-topics\/obesity."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"(1998). National Institutes of Health. Clinical Guidelines on the Identification, Evaluation, and Treatment of Overweight and Obesity in Adults\u2014The Evidence Report. Obes. Res., 6, 51S\u2013209S."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1038\/s41574-019-0310-7","article-title":"Waist Circumference as a Vital Sign in Clinical Practice: A Consensus Statement from the IAS and ICCR Working Group on Visceral Obesity","volume":"16","author":"Ross","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2008). Waist Circumference and Waist-Hip Ratio: Report of a WHO Expert Consultation."},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"e984","article-title":"Obesity and Cardiovascular Disease: A Scientific Statement from the American Heart Association","volume":"143","author":"Poirier","year":"2021","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pcad.2018.06.004","article-title":"Overview of Epidemiology and Contribution of Obesity and Body Fat Distribution to Cardiovascular Disease: An Update","volume":"61","author":"Poirier","year":"2018","journal-title":"Prog. Cardiovasc. Dis."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3599","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehab368","article-title":"2021 ESC Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Acute and Chronic Heart Failure","volume":"42","author":"McDonagh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3272","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/cvac013","article-title":"Global Burden of Heart Failure: A Comprehensive and Updated Review of Epidemiology","volume":"118","author":"Savarese","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Res."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa020245","article-title":"Obesity and the Risk of Heart Failure","volume":"347","author":"Kenchaiah","year":"2002","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1129","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2016.11.081","article-title":"Relationship Between Physical Activity, Body Mass Index, and Risk of Heart Failure","volume":"69","author":"Pandey","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCHEARTFAILURE.110.959890","article-title":"Body Mass Index and Adverse Cardiovascular Outcomes in Heart Failure Patients with Preserved Ejection Fraction: Results from the Irbesartan in Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction (I-PRESERVE) Trial","volume":"4","author":"Haass","year":"2011","journal-title":"Circ. Heart Fail."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.115.016801","article-title":"Body Mass Index, Abdominal Fatness, and Heart Failure Incidence and Mortality: A Systematic Review and Dose\u2013Response Meta-Analysis of Prospective Studies","volume":"133","author":"Aune","year":"2016","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"520","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchf.2015.02.009","article-title":"Contribution of Major Lifestyle Risk Factors for Incident Heart Failure in Older Adults","volume":"3","author":"Kalantarian","year":"2015","journal-title":"JACC Heart Fail."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"975","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchf.2018.09.006","article-title":"Physical Activity, Fitness, and Obesity in Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction","volume":"6","author":"Pandey","year":"2018","journal-title":"JACC Heart Fail."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1026","DOI":"10.1093\/eurjpc\/zwae025","article-title":"Obesity and Cardiovascular Health","volume":"31","author":"Welsh","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur. J. Prev. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2018-00591","article-title":"Impact of Genes and Environment on Obesity and Cardiovascular Disease","volume":"160","author":"Heianza","year":"2019","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cardfail.2019.09.010","article-title":"Impact of Obesity on Volume Status in Patients with Ambulatory Chronic Heart Failure","volume":"26","author":"Miller","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Card. Fail."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1810","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2023.01.049","article-title":"Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction","volume":"81","author":"Borlaug","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1097\/HCO.0000000000001113","article-title":"Obesity\/Cardiometabolic Phenotype of Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction: Mechanisms to Recent Trials","volume":"39","author":"Verma","year":"2024","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"El Meouchy, P., Wahoud, M., Allam, S., Chedid, R., Karam, W., and Karam, S. (2022). Hypertension Related to Obesity: Pathogenesis, Characteristics and Factors for Control. IJMS-Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms232012305"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.21037\/gs.2019.12.03","article-title":"Obesity-Related Hypertension: A Review of Pathophysiology, Management, and the Role of Metabolic Surgery","volume":"9","author":"Shariq","year":"2020","journal-title":"Gland. Surg."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2134","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.115.018226","article-title":"Adipocyte-Derived Hormone Leptin Is a Direct Regulator of Aldosterone Secretion, Which Promotes Endothelial Dysfunction and Cardiac Fibrosis","volume":"132","author":"Huby","year":"2015","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1299","DOI":"10.1002\/ejhf.1611","article-title":"Heart Failure Association of the European Society of Cardiology Position Paper on Frailty in Patients with Heart Failure","volume":"21","author":"Vitale","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. J. Heart Fail."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2017.01.153","article-title":"The Prevalence of Frailty in Heart Failure: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"236","author":"Denfeld","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2024.12.034","article-title":"Hypertensive Heart Disease in Older Patients: Considerations for Clinical Practice","volume":"134","author":"Camafort","year":"2025","journal-title":"Eur. J. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"869","DOI":"10.1002\/ejhf.518","article-title":"Prevalence and Prognostic Impact of Frailty and Its Components in Non-dependent Elderly Patients with Heart Failure","volume":"18","author":"Ortiz","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. J. Heart Fail."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1148","DOI":"10.1007\/s12603-018-1139-9","article-title":"International Clinical Practice Guidelines for Sarcopenia (ICFSR): Screening, Diagnosis and Management","volume":"22","author":"Dent","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Health Aging"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1038\/nrcardio.2017.51","article-title":"Muscle Wasting and Cachexia in Heart Failure: Mechanisms and Therapies","volume":"14","author":"Ebner","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cardfail.2019.03.007","article-title":"Nutrition, Obesity, and Cachexia in Patients with Heart Failure: A Consensus Statement from the Heart Failure Society of America Scientific Statements Committee","volume":"25","author":"Vest","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Card. Fail."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehaa605","article-title":"2020 ESC Guidelines on Sports Cardiology and Exercise in Patients with Cardiovascular Disease","volume":"42","author":"Pelliccia","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mayocp.2016.11.001","article-title":"Obesity and Heart Failure: Focus on the Obesity Paradox","volume":"92","author":"Carbone","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mayo Clin. Proc."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1110","DOI":"10.1038\/ijo.2013.203","article-title":"The Obesity Paradox in Heart Failure Patients with Preserved versus Reduced Ejection Fraction: A Meta-Analysis of Individual Patient Data","volume":"38","author":"Padwal","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Obes."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nut.2017.09.004","article-title":"Sex-Specific Differences in Mortality and the Obesity Paradox of Patients with Myocardial Infarction Ages >70 y","volume":"46","author":"Keller","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nutrition"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1097\/HCR.0000000000000147","article-title":"Cardiac Effects of Obesity: Pathophysiologic, Clinical, and Prognostic Consequences\u2014A Review","volume":"36","author":"Alpert","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Cardiopulm. Rehabil. Prev."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2016.03.180","article-title":"Physical Activity, Weight Status, and Mortality among Congestive Heart Failure Patients","volume":"214","author":"Loprinzi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pcad.2013.10.004","article-title":"Obesity and the Obesity Paradox in Heart Failure","volume":"56","author":"Clark","year":"2014","journal-title":"Prog. Cardiovasc. Dis."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3576","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/cvab368","article-title":"Obesity Increases Heart Failure Incidence and Mortality: Observational and Mendelian Randomization Studies Totalling over 1 Million Individuals","volume":"118","author":"Benn","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Res."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1007\/s11739-024-03772-8","article-title":"Life-Course Obesity and Heart Failure: A Two-Sample Mendelian Randomization Study","volume":"20","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Intern. Emerg. Med."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehz388","article-title":"Body Mass Index and Body Composition in Relation to 14 Cardiovascular Conditions in UK Biobank: A Mendelian Randomization Study","volume":"41","author":"Larsson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fall, T., H\u00e4gg, S., M\u00e4gi, R., Ploner, A., Fischer, K., Horikoshi, M., Sarin, A.-P., Thorleifsson, G., Ladenvall, C., and Kals, M. (2013). The Role of Adiposity in Cardiometabolic Traits: A Mendelian Randomization Analysis. PLoS Med., 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1001474"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1007\/s11936-024-01056-0","article-title":"Managing Obesity in Heart Failure: Latest Evidence and Knowledge Gaps","volume":"26","author":"Ibrahim","year":"2024","journal-title":"Curr. Treat. Options Cardio. Med."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Soto, M.E., P\u00e9rez-Torres, I., Rubio-Ruiz, M.E., Manzano-Pech, L., and Guarner-Lans, V. (2022). Interconnection between Cardiac Cachexia and Heart Failure\u2014Protective Role of Cardiac Obesity. Cells, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells11061039"},{"key":"ref_43","first-page":"e177","article-title":"2019 ACC\/AHA Guideline on the Primary Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease: A Report of the American College of Cardiology\/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines","volume":"140","author":"Arnett","year":"2019","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.7570\/jomes20065","article-title":"Optimal Diet Strategies for Weight Loss and Weight Loss Maintenance","volume":"30","author":"Kim","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Obes. Metab. Syndr."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101465","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacadv.2024.101465","article-title":"Dietary Interventions in Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction","volume":"4","author":"Billingsley","year":"2025","journal-title":"JACC Adv."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wickman, B.E., Enkhmaa, B., Ridberg, R., Romero, E., Cadeiras, M., Meyers, F., and Steinberg, F. (2021). Dietary Management of Heart Failure: DASH Diet and Precision Nutrition Perspectives. Nutrients, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13124424"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"779","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.118.313348","article-title":"The Mediterranean Diet and Cardiovascular Health: A Critical Review","volume":"124","author":"Gea","year":"2019","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1038\/s41430-024-01519-4","article-title":"Effect of the Mediterranean Diet on Incidence of Heart Failure in European Countries: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Cohort Studies","volume":"79","author":"Veronese","year":"2025","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aleksandrova, K., Koelman, L., and Rodrigues, C.E. (2021). Dietary Patterns and Biomarkers of Oxidative Stress and Inflammation: A Systematic Review of Observational and Intervention Studies. Redox Biol., 42.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.redox.2021.101869"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Clemente-Su\u00e1rez, V.J., Beltr\u00e1n-Velasco, A.I., Redondo-Fl\u00f3rez, L., Mart\u00edn-Rodr\u00edguez, A., and Tornero-Aguilera, J.F. (2023). Global Impacts of Western Diet and Its Effects on Metabolism and Health: A Narrative Review. Nutrients, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15122749"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cvetinovic, N., Loncar, G., Isakovic, A.M., Von Haehling, S., Doehner, W., Lainscak, M., and Farkas, J. (2019). Micronutrient Depletion in Heart Failure: Common, Clinically Relevant and Treatable. IJMS-Int. J. Mol. Sci., 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20225627"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kukulska, A., and Garwacka-Czachor, E. (2024). Assessment of Adherence to Treatment Recommendations among Patients with Heart Failure: A Cross-Sectional Study. BMC Cardiovasc. Disord., 24.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12872-024-04001-y"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1623","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2022.02.025","article-title":"Nutrition Assessment and Dietary Interventions in Heart Failure: JACC Review Topic of the Week","volume":"79","author":"Driggin","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_54","first-page":"e841","article-title":"Addressing Social Determinants of Health in the Care of Patients with Heart Failure: A Scientific Statement from the American Heart Association","volume":"141","author":"Rossi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1454","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2021.01.030","article-title":"Cardiac Rehabilitation for Patients with Heart Failure","volume":"77","author":"Bozkurt","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"500","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2016.10260","article-title":"Effects of Liraglutide on Clinical Stability Among Patients with Advanced Heart Failure and Reduced Ejection Fraction: A Randomized Clinical Trial","volume":"316","author":"Margulies","year":"2016","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1002\/ejhf.657","article-title":"Effect of Liraglutide, a Glucagon-like Peptide-1 Analogue, on Left Ventricular Function in Stable Chronic Heart Failure Patients with and without Diabetes (LIVE)\u2014A Multicentre, Double-blind, Randomised, Placebo-controlled Trial","volume":"19","author":"Jorsal","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. J. Heart Fail."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"773","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2024.06.001","article-title":"Efficacy of Semaglutide by Sex in Obesity-Related Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction","volume":"84","author":"Verma","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1394","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2313917","article-title":"Semaglutide in Patients with Obesity-Related Heart Failure and Type 2 Diabetes","volume":"390","author":"Kosiborod","year":"2024","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2019.01.003","article-title":"Transition from Metabolically Benign to Metabolically Unhealthy Obesity and 10-Year Cardiovascular Disease Incidence: The ATTICA Cohort Study","volume":"93","author":"Kouvari","year":"2019","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Waqas, S.A., Sohail, M.U., Saad, M., Minhas, A.M.K., Greene, S.J., Fudim, M., Fonarow, G.C., Abramov, D., Khan, M.S., and Ahmed, R. (J. Card. Fail., 2025). Efficacy of GLP-1 Receptor Agonists in Patients with Heart Failure and Mildly Reduced or Preserved Ejection Fraction: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis, J. Card. Fail., in press.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cardfail.2025.01.022"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Karakasis, P., Fragakis, N., Patoulias, D., Theofilis, P., Sagris, M., Koufakis, T., Vlachakis, P.K., Rangraze, I.R., El Tanani, M., and Tsioufis, K. (2024). The Emerging Role of Glucagon-like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonists in the Management of Obesity-Related Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction: Benefits beyond What Scales Can Measure?. Biomedicines, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines12092112"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-024-01931-z","article-title":"Glucagon-like Peptide-1 Receptor: Mechanisms and Advances in Therapy","volume":"9","author":"Zheng","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sig. Transduct. Target. Ther."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e10","DOI":"10.15420\/cfr.2024.05","article-title":"Effects of Glucagon-like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonists on Cardiac Function, Exercise Capacity and Quality of Life","volume":"10","author":"Shchendrygina","year":"2024","journal-title":"Card. Fail. Rev."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1260","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.120.315937","article-title":"Interleukin-1 and the Inflammasome as Therapeutic Targets in Cardiovascular Disease","volume":"126","author":"Abbate","year":"2020","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.15420\/cfr.2015.1.2.112","article-title":"Metabolic Therapy in Heart Failure","volume":"1","author":"Lopatin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Card. Fail. Rev."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2091","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.721027","article-title":"Effects of Bariatric Surgery on Cardiovascular Function","volume":"118","author":"Ashrafian","year":"2008","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e010453","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCHEARTFAILURE.122.010453","article-title":"Trends and Outcomes Associated with Bariatric Surgery and Pharmacotherapies with Weight Loss Effects Among Patients with Heart Failure and Obesity","volume":"17","author":"Mentias","year":"2024","journal-title":"Circ. Heart Fail."},{"key":"ref_69","unstructured":"Hamilton Health Sciences Corporation (2022). Bariatric Surgery for the Reduction of Cardiovascular Events Feasibility Randomized Controlled Trial (BRAVE), Hamilton Health Sciences Corporation."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gtc.2023.02.003","article-title":"Disparities in Access and Quality of Obesity Care","volume":"52","author":"Washington","year":"2023","journal-title":"Gastroenterol. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.21037\/ales-22-81","article-title":"Disparities in the Impact of Access to and Outcomes of Bariatric Surgery among Different Ethnoracial and Socioeconomic Populations: A Narrative Review of the Literature","volume":"8","author":"Masanam","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ann. Laparosc. Endosc. Surg."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e010447","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.118.010447","article-title":"Nutrient Deficiencies in Heart Failure: A Micro Problem with Macro Effects?","volume":"7","author":"Cascino","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Am. Heart Assoc."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1019","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2013.05.036","article-title":"Cardiac Steatosis and Left Ventricular Hypertrophy in Patients with Generalized Lipodystrophy as Determined by Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy and Imaging","volume":"112","author":"Nelson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. J. Cardiol."}],"container-title":["Nutrients"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/17\/7\/1250\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T17:09:15Z","timestamp":1760029755000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/17\/7\/1250"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,3]]},"references-count":73,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4]]}},"alternative-id":["nu17071250"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu17071250","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6643"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6643","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,3]]}}}