{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T15:28:58Z","timestamp":1789140538023,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,3]],"date-time":"2025-04-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1743638400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Caffeine (CAF) and transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) are ergogenic strategies with potential benefits for performance, yet their combined effects remain underexplored, particularly in high-intensity functional training contexts such as CrossFit\u00ae. This randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover study aimed to investigate the impact of tDCS, with and without CAF, on performance time in the Clean &amp; Jerk (C&amp;J) during the benchmark WOD GRACE among competitive CrossFit\u00ae athletes. Secondarily, we aimed to compare the RPE across the different experimental conditions, as well as to establish the relationship between personal record (PR) values adjusted for body mass and the execution time of the WOD GRACE, considering different athletes\u2019 classification levels (RX Elite and RX Intermediate). Methods: Twenty participants completed four experimental conditions: CAF ingestion (400 mg) combined with anodal tDCS (CAF + a-tDCS), CAF with Sham tDCS (CAF + Sham-tDCS), placebo (PLA) with a-tDCS (PLA + a-tDCS), and PLA with Sham tDCS (PLA + Sham-tDCS). Results: The results indicated that the combination of CAF + a-tDCS significantly improved performance, reducing execution time (205.5 \u00b1 58.0 s) compared to CAF + Sham-tDCS (218.3 \u00b1 61.2 s; p = 0.034), PLA + a-tDCS (231.7 \u00b1 64.1 s; p = 0.012), and PLA + Sham-tDCS (240.9 \u00b1 66.4 s; p = 0.002). However, no significant differences were observed between CAF + Sham-tDCS and PLA + a-tDCS (p = 0.690), CAF + Sham-tDCS and PLA + Sham-tDCS (p = 0.352), or PLA + a-tDCS and PLA + Sham-tDCS (p = 0.595). Conclusions: The responder analysis revealed that 45% of participants improved performance with isolated tDCS, while 60% responded positively to CAF. No significant differences were found in RPE scores among conditions (p = 0.145). Additionally, no correlations were identified between PR values adjusted for body mass and execution time in both RX Elite (r = 0.265; p = 0.526) and RX Intermediate (r = 0.049; p = 0.901) groups, nor between training experience and performance across interventions. These findings suggest that tDCS, when combined with CAF, may serve as an effective ergogenic aid for improving performance in high-intensity functional training, whereas its isolated use does not yield meaningful benefits.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu17071261","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,4]],"date-time":"2025-04-04T03:36:45Z","timestamp":1743737805000},"page":"1261","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Caffeine Combined with Excitatory Neuromodulation Based on Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS) Enhances Performance in a Time-Trial CrossFit\u00ae Workout: A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled, Double-Blind Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9434-4231","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alberto Souza","family":"S\u00e1 Filho","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Movement and Rehabilitation (PPGMHR) and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharmacology and Therapeutics (PPGCFFT), Graduate Program at the Evangelical University of Goi\u00e1s (UniEVANG\u00c9LICA), An\u00e1polis 75083-515, GO, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thiago","family":"Albernaz-Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Movement and Rehabilitation (PPGMHR) and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharmacology and Therapeutics (PPGCFFT), Graduate Program at the Evangelical University of Goi\u00e1s (UniEVANG\u00c9LICA), An\u00e1polis 75083-515, GO, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9354-1460","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pedro Augusto","family":"Inacio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Movement and Rehabilitation (PPGMHR) and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharmacology and Therapeutics (PPGCFFT), Graduate Program at the Evangelical University of Goi\u00e1s (UniEVANG\u00c9LICA), An\u00e1polis 75083-515, GO, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7285-2742","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vicente","family":"Aprigliano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Escuela de Ingenier\u00eda de Construcci\u00f3n y Transporte, Pontificia Universidad Cat\u00f3lica de Valpara\u00edso, Avda Brasil 2147, Valpara\u00edso 2362804, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Irans\u00e9","family":"Oliveira-Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Movement and Rehabilitation (PPGMHR) and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharmacology and Therapeutics (PPGCFFT), Graduate Program at the Evangelical University of Goi\u00e1s (UniEVANG\u00c9LICA), An\u00e1polis 75083-515, GO, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0440-8404","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gaspar R.","family":"Chiappa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Movement and Rehabilitation (PPGMHR) and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharmacology and Therapeutics (PPGCFFT), Graduate Program at the Evangelical University of Goi\u00e1s (UniEVANG\u00c9LICA), An\u00e1polis 75083-515, GO, Brazil"},{"name":"Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Chile, Providencia, Santiago 7500912, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6379-1143","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rodolfo P.","family":"Vieira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Movement and Rehabilitation (PPGMHR) and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharmacology and Therapeutics (PPGCFFT), Graduate Program at the Evangelical University of Goi\u00e1s 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Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7440-7581","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"James Oluwagbamigbe","family":"Fajemiroye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Movement and Rehabilitation (PPGMHR) and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharmacology and Therapeutics (PPGCFFT), Graduate Program at the Evangelical University of Goi\u00e1s (UniEVANG\u00c9LICA), An\u00e1polis 75083-515, GO, Brazil"},{"name":"Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Goi\u00e1s, Goi\u00e2nia 74690-900, GO, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3814-6964","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marcelo Magalh\u00e3es","family":"Sales","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Program in Environmental and Society, Academic Institute of Health and Biological Sciences, State University of Goi\u00e1s, Southwest Campus, 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