{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,6]],"date-time":"2026-04-06T23:04:43Z","timestamp":1775516683399,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,7]],"date-time":"2025-04-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1743984000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Retinal vein occlusion (RVO) is a major cause of vision loss globally. Although magnesium (Mg) is crucial for vascular health, its association with RVO risk is unknown. Thus, we aimed to further examine this association. Methods: This cross-sectional study included participants of the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2017\u20132021 aged \u226519 years (n = 16,358). RVO diagnosis was based on fundus imaging or was self-reported. Based on their daily Mg intake, we categorized participants into low (&lt;120 mg), intermediate (men: 120\u2013300 mg; women: 120\u2013400 mg), and sufficient (men: \u2265300 mg; women: \u2265400 mg) intake groups and compared their characteristics across groups. Results: RVO prevalence was 0.7%. Compared to the non-RVO group, the RVO group was characterized by older individuals, fewer current alcohol consumers, a higher prevalence of hypertension and chronic kidney disease, and a lower intake of fiber, iron, calcium, vitamin E, and Mg. After full adjustment, sufficient Mg intake was significantly associated with a 64% reduced risk of RVO (odds ratio [OR] 0.36, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.18\u20130.71, p = 0.003). This association was particularly notable among individuals aged 19\u201359 years (OR 0.18, 95% CI 0.04\u20130.82, p = 0.027), those with hypertension (OR 0.29, 95% CI 0.13\u20130.67, p = 0.003), and those without glaucoma (OR 0.33, 95% CI 0.15\u20130.71, p = 0.004). Conclusions: Sufficient Mg intake may reduce RVO risk among adults aged &lt;60 years, individuals with hypertension, and those without glaucoma. Further research should validate the benefits of Mg supplementation in preventing RVO.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu17071285","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,7]],"date-time":"2025-04-07T05:30:59Z","timestamp":1744003859000},"page":"1285","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Sufficient Magnesium Intake Reduces Retinal Vein Occlusion Risk: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey Analysis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-4946-0347","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jiwoo","family":"Kim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1873-6959","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Min","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Institute of Vision Research, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 06273, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christopher Seungkyu","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Institute of Vision Research, Severance Eye Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1668-6452","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eun Young","family":"Choi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Institute of Vision Research, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 06273, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1927","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)31559-2","article-title":"Retinal vascular occlusions","volume":"396","author":"Scott","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.3928\/23258160-20230320-01","article-title":"Meta-Analyses of Two Treatment Regimens for Retinal Vein Occlusion","volume":"54","author":"Snider","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Surg. Lasers Imaging Retin."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2479","DOI":"10.1007\/s00417-016-3459-y","article-title":"Impact of treatment on long-term visual function in retinal vein occlusion-response to the comment on: Retinal vein occlusion and the use of a dexamethasone intravitreal implant (Ozurdex(R)) in its treatment","volume":"254","author":"Garweg","year":"2016","journal-title":"Graefe\u2019s Arch. Clin. Exp. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1372","DOI":"10.1097\/HJH.0000000000002057","article-title":"Hypertension and multiple cardiovascular risk factors increase the risk for retinal vein occlusions: Results from the Gutenberg Retinal Vein Occlusion Study","volume":"37","author":"Ponto","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Hypertens."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"724780","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/724780","article-title":"Risk factors for central and branch retinal vein occlusion: A meta-analysis of published clinical data","volume":"2014","author":"Kolar","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1097\/APO.0000000000000598","article-title":"Update on Retinal Vein Occlusion","volume":"12","author":"Romano","year":"2023","journal-title":"Asia-Pac. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dominguez, L., Veronese, N., and Barbagallo, M. (2020). Magnesium and Hypertension in Old Age. Nutrients, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13010139"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pelczynska, M., Moszak, M., and Bogdanski, P. (2022). The Role of Magnesium in the Pathogenesis of Metabolic Disorders. Nutrients, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14091714"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kozin, S., Kravtsov, A., Ivashchenko, L., Dotsenko, V., Vasilyeva, L., Vasilyev, A., Tekutskaya, E., Aksenov, N., Baryshev, M., and Dorohova, A. (2023). Study of the Magnesium Comenate Structure, Its Neuroprotective and Stress-Protective Activity. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24098046"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.2165\/00003495-198400281-00013","article-title":"Magnesium, electrolyte transport and coronary vascular tone","volume":"28","author":"Altura","year":"1984","journal-title":"Drugs"},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"185","article-title":"Microcirculatory actions and uses of naturally-occurring (magnesium) and novel synthetic calcium channel blockers","volume":"1","author":"Altura","year":"1984","journal-title":"Microcirc. Endothel. Lymphat."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyt228","article-title":"Data Resource Profile: The Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES)","volume":"43","author":"Kweon","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1017\/S1368980022000179","article-title":"Comparison of dietary share of ultra-processed foods assessed with a FFQ against a 24-h dietary recall in adults: Results from KNHANES 2016","volume":"25","author":"Jung","year":"2022","journal-title":"Public Health Nutr."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.3341\/kjo.2021.0016","article-title":"Methodology and Rationale for Ophthalmic Examinations in the Seventh and Eighth Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (2017\u20132021)","volume":"35","author":"Song","year":"2021","journal-title":"Korean J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Casas, R., Castro-Barquero, S., Estruch, R., and Sacanella, E. (2018). Nutrition and Cardiovascular Health. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms19123988"},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"Office of Dietary Supplements (2025, March 01). Magnesium: Fact sheet for health professionals. National Institutes of Health 2023, Available online: https:\/\/ods.od.nih.gov\/factsheets\/Magnesium-HealthProfessional\/."},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"595","article-title":"Systemic diseases in non-inflammatory branch and central retinal artery occlusion--an overview of 416 patients","volume":"12","author":"Schmidt","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eur. J. Med. Res."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e14096","DOI":"10.1111\/apha.14096","article-title":"Nitric oxide, endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factor, and smooth muscle-dependent mechanisms contribute to magnesium-dependent vascular relaxation in mouse arteries","volume":"240","author":"Kudryavtseva","year":"2024","journal-title":"Acta. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ackd.2018.02.010","article-title":"Magnesium and Cardiovascular Disease","volume":"25","author":"Tangvoraphonkchai","year":"2018","journal-title":"Adv. Chronic Kidney Dis."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2353","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.102.19.2353","article-title":"Oral magnesium therapy improves endothelial function in patients with coronary artery disease","volume":"102","author":"Shechter","year":"2000","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1068","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/85.4.1068","article-title":"Magnesium intake and plasma concentrations of markers of systemic inflammation and endothelial dysfunction in women","volume":"85","author":"Song","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/S0098-2997(02)00095-X","article-title":"Low magnesium and atherosclerosis: An evidence-based link","volume":"24","author":"Maier","year":"2003","journal-title":"Mol. Asp. Med."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kostov, K., and Halacheva, L. (2018). Role of Magnesium Deficiency in Promoting Atherosclerosis, Endothelial Dysfunction, and Arterial Stiffening as Risk Factors for Hypertension. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms19061724"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.5114\/aoms.2018.75719","article-title":"Effect of magnesium supplements on serum C-reactive protein: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"14","author":"Mazidi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Arch. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.112.053132","article-title":"Circulating and dietary magnesium and risk of cardiovascular disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective studies","volume":"98","author":"Imamura","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1269","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.114.100354","article-title":"Association between intakes of magnesium, potassium, and calcium and risk of stroke: 2 cohorts of US women and updated meta-analyses","volume":"101","author":"Adebamowo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Reynolds, A.N., Akerman, A., Kumar, S., Diep Pham, H.T., Coffey, S., and Mann, J. (2022). Dietary fibre in hypertension and cardiovascular disease management: Systematic review and meta-analyses. BMC Med., 20.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-022-02328-x"}],"container-title":["Nutrients"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/17\/7\/1285\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T17:11:27Z","timestamp":1760029887000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/17\/7\/1285"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,7]]},"references-count":27,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4]]}},"alternative-id":["nu17071285"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu17071285","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6643"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6643","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,7]]}}}