{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T03:14:45Z","timestamp":1791515685100,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":100,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,10]],"date-time":"2025-04-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1744243200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Lung cancer is one of the leading causes of cancer-related mortality, with tobacco smoking being the primary risk factor. However, a significant percentage of lung cancer patients are non-smokers, suggesting the involvement of other risk factors, including alcohol consumption. The IARC classifies ethanol as a Group 1 carcinogen, but unlike other alcoholic beverages, wine contains polyphenols with potential health benefits. Some meta-analyses even suggest a protective effect, which led us to conduct our own meta-analysis to further investigate this possible correlation. Methods: We conducted a systematic review and stratified the risk across population subgroups based on smoking status and gender. We then performed a categorical \u201chighest vs. lowest\u201d meta-analysis, comparing heavy consumers with very occasional drinkers, using a random-effects model. Only studies examining the risk of developing lung cancer in wine drinkers were included, excluding those with different outcomes, non-primary, ineligible populations, or involving pregnant women. The literature search was conducted in three databases: PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science. The risk of bias was assessed with the Newcastle\u2013Ottawa quality rating scale for both case\u2013control and cohort studies (NOS), while statistical analyses were performed using the ProMeta 3.0 software. Results: The overall analysis showed a non-statistically significant 11% reduction in lung cancer risk (OR = 0.89; 95% CI: 0.77\u20131.03). The analysis among smokers revealed a significant 22% reduction in lung cancer risk associated with wine consumption (OR = 0.78; 95% CI: 0.62\u20130.97). However, this effect was lost when the analysis was conducted separately based on the study design. Conclusions: No correlation emerged between wine consumption and lung cancer incidence, either in a protective sense or in terms of increased risk. However, further studies are needed to investigate this correlation more accurately, particularly among non-smokers.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu17081322","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,11]],"date-time":"2025-04-11T03:45:23Z","timestamp":1744343123000},"page":"1322","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Wine Consumption and Lung Cancer Risk: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Carlotta","family":"Bertola","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Hygiene and Public Health, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, 06132 Perugia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Camilla","family":"Gobbetti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Hygiene and Public Health, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, 06132 Perugia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gaia","family":"Baccarini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Hygiene and Public Health, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, 06132 Perugia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4865-9413","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roberto","family":"Fabiani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, 06123 Perugia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.21834","article-title":"Global cancer statistics 2022: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries","volume":"74","author":"Bray","year":"2024","journal-title":"CA Cancer J. 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