{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T05:01:24Z","timestamp":1787029284761,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,16]],"date-time":"2025-04-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1744761600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Internal Project Grant Medical University of Warsaw","award":["NZC\/4\/Z\/GW\/N\/"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NZC\/4\/Z\/GW\/N\/"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE) is a chronic disease which clinically presents with symptoms related to esophageal dysfunction, while pathologically it is characterized by eosinophilic infiltration of esophageal epithelium. Most patients with EoE present with food and\/or inhalant allergy symptoms. The results of animal model studies and genetic studies, as well as the efficacy of elimination diets in managing the symptoms, suggest an atopic background of the disease. The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of EoE in a group of patients with upper gastrointestinal symptoms and food and\/or inhalant allergies and to assess the influence of drugs used in type I allergies on the results of endoscopic, histopathological, and immunohistochemical tests. Methods: This was a prospective observational study. Patients with inhalant\/food allergies and upper esophageal symptoms constituted the study group while patients without allergies who were diagnosed with dyspepsia or irritable bowel syndrome constituted the control group. All study group subjects underwent allergy testing, including prick testing and blood tests. All participants underwent a gastroscopy with specimen collection. Esophageal specimens were stained for eotaxin-1 and desmoglein-1. Results: Based on histopathology results, eosinophilic esophagitis was found in 9 of the 73 patients from the study group. All patients with EoE presented with multimorbidity and were diagnosed with at least one allergic disease in addition to EoE. Positive staining for CCL-11 was found in 56 (78%) patients in the study group, including all patients with EoE while only 3 (17%) individuals from the control group showed positive staining. The presence of DSG-1 in esophageal specimens was detected in 6 (7%) subjects from the study group in contrast to 14 (78%) subjects from the control group. DSG-1 was not found in any of the specimens of patients diagnosed with EoE. Conclusions: EoE is a rare disease, usually accompanied by allergic multimorbidity. Positive staining for eotaxin-1 and negative staining for desmoglein-1 in patients with esophageal symptoms and allergies but who did not meet EoE diagnostic criteria could be indicative of subclinical course of the disease or a masking effect of corticosteroids. It is now vitally important for both researchers and practicing clinicians to recognize that eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE) is not a homogeneous disease but rather consists of multiple subtypes (phenotypes). The so-called \u201cclassic\u201d form of EoE\u2014defined by current diagnostic criteria as the presence of more than 15 eosinophils per high power field on histopathological examination\u2014appears to represent only the tip of the iceberg. There is an urgent need for further research in order to refine endoscopic techniques, expand the scope of histopathological assessments, and identify novel biomarkers to better define the distinct phenotypes of eosinophilic esophagitis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu17081355","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,16]],"date-time":"2025-04-16T08:09:17Z","timestamp":1744790957000},"page":"1355","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["The Overlap of Allergic Disorders and Upper Gastrointestinal Symptoms: Beyond Eosinophilic Esophagitis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Oksana","family":"Wojas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Prevention of Environmental Hazards, Allergology and Immunology, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9857-7136","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Edyta","family":"Krzych-Fa\u0142ta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Basic Nursing, Medical University of Warsaw, 01-445 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paulina","family":"\u017bybul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology and Internal Medicine, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marta","family":"\u017balikowska-Gardocka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology and Internal Medicine, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tomasz","family":"Ilczuk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Medical University of Warsaw, Pawi\u0144skiego 3B, 02-106 Warszawa, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Konrad","family":"Furma\u0144czyk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Prevention of Environmental Hazards, Allergology and Immunology, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland"},{"name":"Institute of Information Technology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Nowoursynowska 166, 02-787 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Boles\u0142aw","family":"Samoli\u0144ski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Prevention of Environmental Hazards, Allergology and Immunology, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5851-2856","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adam","family":"Przyby\u0142kowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology and Internal Medicine, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1177\/2050640616689525","article-title":"Guidelines on eosinophilic esophagitis: Evidence-based statements and recommendations for diagnosis and management in children and adults","volume":"5","author":"Lucendo","year":"2017","journal-title":"United Eur. Gastroenterol. J."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anai.2020.03.020","article-title":"AGA institute and the joint task force on allergy-immunology practice parameters clinical guidelines for the management of eosinophilic esophagitis","volume":"124","author":"Hirano","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann. Allergy Asthma Immunol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gtc.2014.02.010","article-title":"Eosinophilic Esophagitis: Historical perspective on an evolving disease","volume":"43","author":"Attwood","year":"2014","journal-title":"Gastroenterol. Clin. North. Am."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01296781","article-title":"Esophageal eosinophilia with dysphagia. A distinct clinicopathologic syndrome","volume":"38","author":"Attwood","year":"1993","journal-title":"Dig. Dis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2018.08.009","article-title":"Eosinophilic esophagitis","volume":"103","author":"Reed","year":"2019","journal-title":"Med. Clin. North. Am."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2520","DOI":"10.1111\/all.15233","article-title":"Characterization of eosinophilic esophagitis variants by clinical, histological, and molecular analyses: A cross-sectional multi-center study","volume":"77","author":"Greuter","year":"2022","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00664","DOI":"10.14309\/ctg.0000000000000664","article-title":"A Multicenter Long-Term Cohort Study of Eosinophilic Esophagitis Variants and Their Progression to Eosinophilic Esophagitis Over Time","volume":"15","author":"Greuter","year":"2024","journal-title":"Clin. Transl. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2017.06.067","article-title":"Epidemiology and Natural History of Eosinophilic Esophagitis","volume":"154","author":"Dellon","year":"2018","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.18176\/jiaci.0853","article-title":"Eosinophilic Esophagitis due to Aeroallergens: A Systematic Review and Update","volume":"32","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Investig. Allergol. Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1310","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2021.14920","article-title":"Eosinophilic Esophagitis: A Review","volume":"326","author":"Muir","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1097\/MPG.0b013e3181d1b107","article-title":"Eosinophilic Oesophagitis in Infants and Children in the Region of Southern Denmark: A Prospective Study of Prevalence and Clinical Presentation","volume":"51","author":"Dalby","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"940","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM200408263510924","article-title":"Eosinophilic esophagitis","volume":"351","author":"Noel","year":"2004","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.13441","article-title":"Systematic review with meta-analysis: The incidence and prevalence of eosinophilic oesophagitis in children and adults in population-based studies","volume":"43","author":"Arias","year":"2016","journal-title":"Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Massironi, S., Mulinacci, G., Gallo, C., Elvevi, A., Danese, S., Invernizzi, P., and Vespa, E. (2023). Mechanistic Insights into Eosinophilic Esophagitis: Therapies Targeting Pathophysiological Mechanisms. Cells, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells12202473"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Arias-Gonz\u00e1lez, L., Rodr\u00edguez-Alcolado, L., Laserna-Mendieta, E.J., Navarro, P., Lucendo, A.J., and Grueso-Navarro, E. (2024). Fibrous Remodeling in Eosinophilic Esophagitis: Clinical Facts and Pathophysiological Uncertainties. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25020927"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcmgh.2024.01.020","article-title":"Epithelial-Fibroblast Crosstalk in Eosinophilic Esophagitis","volume":"17","author":"Muir","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cell Mol. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1513","DOI":"10.1111\/all.12880","article-title":"Paving the way of systems biology and precision medicine in allergic diseases: The MeDALL success story: Mechanisms of the Development of ALLergy; EU FP7-CP-IP; Project No: 261357; 2010\u20132015","volume":"71","author":"Bousquet","year":"2016","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1901023","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.01023-2019","article-title":"ARIA study group. From ARIA guidelines to the digital transformation of health in rhinitis and asthma multimorbidity","volume":"54","author":"Bousquet","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. J."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1186\/s13601-017-0153-z","article-title":"Multi-morbidities of allergic rhinitis in adults: European Academy of Allergy and Clinical Immunology Task Force Report","volume":"7","author":"Cingi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Transl. Allergy"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24642","DOI":"10.3402\/ecrj.v2.24642","article-title":"Epidemiology and natural history of atopic diseases","volume":"2","author":"Thomsen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur. Clin. Respir. J."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2018.05.001","article-title":"Allergic components of eosinophilic esophagitis","volume":"142","author":"Spergel","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2016.11.020","article-title":"The Prevalence of Eosinophilic Esophagitis in Pediatric Patients with IgE-Mediated Food Allergy","volume":"5","author":"Hill","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. Pract."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1528","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2018.05.010","article-title":"Eosinophilic Esophagitis Is a Late Manifestation of the Allergic March","volume":"6","author":"Hill","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. Pract."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anai.2015.07.004","article-title":"Seasonal exacerbation of esophageal eosinophilia in children with eosinophilic esophagitis and allergic rhinitis","volume":"115","author":"Ram","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann. Allergy Asthma Immunol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1097\/MPG.0000000000001245","article-title":"Correlation Between Aeroallergen Levels and New Diagnosis of Eosinophilic Esophagitis in New York City","volume":"64","author":"Fahey","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1177\/0194599810392655","article-title":"The incidence of esophageal bolus impaction: Is there a seasonal variation?","volume":"144","author":"Larsson","year":"2011","journal-title":"Otolaryngol. Head. Neck Surg."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zdanowicz, K., Kucharska, M., Sobaniec-Lotowska, M.E., Lebensztejn, D.M., and Daniluk, U. (2020). Eosinophilic Esophagitis in Children in North-Eastern Poland. J. Clin. Med., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm9123869"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"811","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2022-327770","article-title":"Novel targets in EoE: One step forward?","volume":"72","author":"Straumann","year":"2023","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1038\/s41419-022-04944-0","article-title":"Trans-activation of eotaxin-1 by Brg1 contributes to liver regeneration","volume":"13","author":"Fan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lavandoski, P., Pierdon\u00e1, V., Maurmann, R.M., Grun, L.K., Guma, F.T.C.R., and Barb\u00e9-Tuana, F.M. (2023). Eotaxin-1\/CCL11 promotes cellular senescence in human-derived fibroblasts through pro-oxidant and pro-inflammatory pathways. Front. Immunol., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1243537"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nino, G., Huseni, S., Perez, G.F., Pancham, K., Mubeen, H., Abbasi, A., Wang, J., Eng, S., Colberg-Poley, A.M., and Pillai, D.K. (2014). Directional secretory response of double stranded RNA-induced thymic stromal lymphopoetin (TSLP) and CCL11\/eotaxin-1 in human asthmatic airways. PLoS ONE., 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0115398"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2184","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.2008.01937.x","article-title":"Treatment with topical steroids downregulates IL-5, eotaxin-1\/CCL11, and eotaxin-3\/CCL26 gene expression in eosinophilic esophagitis","volume":"103","author":"Lucendo","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1419","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI69071","article-title":"Desmoglein-1, differentiation, and disease","volume":"123","author":"Hammers","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"718","DOI":"10.1038\/mi.2013.90","article-title":"Desmoglein-1 regulates esophageal epithelial barrier function and immune responses in eosinophilic esophagitis","volume":"7","author":"Sherrill","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mucosal Immunol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"739","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-021-00538-7","article-title":"Does the epithelial barrier hypothesis explain the increase in allergy, autoimmunity and other chronic conditions?","volume":"21","author":"Akdis","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100088","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacig.2023.100088","article-title":"Impact of environmental factors on the epidemiology of eosinophilic esophagitis in southwestern Europe (2007\u20132020)","volume":"2","author":"Ortega","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. Glob."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1418","DOI":"10.1111\/all.15240","article-title":"Epithelial barrier hypothesis: Effect of the external exposome on the microbiome and epithelial barriers in allergic disease","volume":"77","author":"Sozener","year":"2022","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.4168\/aair.2023.15.6.705","article-title":"Epithelial Barrier Theory: The Role of Exposome, Microbiome, and Barrier Function in Allergic Diseases","volume":"15","author":"Losol","year":"2023","journal-title":"Allergy Asthma Immunol. Res."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2019.11.011","article-title":"Diagnosis and Treatment of eosinophilic esophagitis","volume":"145","author":"Gonsalves","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunology."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-023-08205-8","article-title":"Eosinophilic Esophagitis: What\u2019s in a Name?","volume":"69","author":"Dellon","year":"2024","journal-title":"Dig. Dis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1007\/s12016-019-08733-0","article-title":"Allergic Comorbidity in Eosinophilic Esophagitis: Mechanistic Relevance and Clinical Implications","volume":"57","author":"Capucilli","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Rev. Allergy Immunol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1007\/s12016-018-8697-9","article-title":"The Role of the Environment in Eosinophilic Esophagitis","volume":"57","author":"Dowling","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Rev. Allergy Immunol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E121","DOI":"10.1503\/cmaj.230378","article-title":"Diagnosis and management of eosinophilic esophagitis","volume":"196","author":"Gupta","year":"2024","journal-title":"CMAJ"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.iac.2023.12.001","article-title":"Pathophysiology of Eosinophilic Esophagitis","volume":"44","author":"Kennedy","year":"2024","journal-title":"Immunol. Allergy Clin. North. Am."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1080\/1744666X.2023.2274940","article-title":"Eosinophilic esophagitis: Does age matter?","volume":"20","author":"Massironi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Expert. Rev. Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2017.05.066","article-title":"Diagnosis and Treatment of Eosinophilic Esophagitis","volume":"154","author":"Straumann","year":"2018","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Barchi, A., Vespa, E., Passaretti, S., Dell\u2019Anna, G., Fasulo, E., Yacoub, M.R., Albarello, L., Sinagra, E., Massimino, L., and Ungaro, F. (2024). The Dual Lens of Endoscopy and Histology in the Diagnosis and Management of Eosinophilic Gastrointestinal Disorders-A Comprehensive Review. Diagnostics, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics14080858"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17562848221074204","DOI":"10.1177\/17562848221074204","article-title":"EoE CONNECT, the European Registry of Clinical, Environmental, and Genetic Determinants in Eosinophilic Esophagitis: Rationale, Design, and Study Protocol of a Large-Scale Epidemiological Study in Europe","volume":"15","author":"Lucendo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ther. Adv. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1007\/s00281-021-00855-y","article-title":"Eosinophilic Esophagitis-Established Facts and New Horizons","volume":"43","author":"Biedermann","year":"2021","journal-title":"Semin. Immunopathol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-023-03898-x","article-title":"A Multi-Omic Analysis Reveals the Esophageal Dysbiosis as the Predominant Trait of Eosinophilic Esophagitis","volume":"21","author":"Massimino","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1673","DOI":"10.1111\/jgh.15921","article-title":"The Microbiota in Eosinophilic Esophagitis: A Systematic Review","volume":"37","author":"Burns","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Benitez, A.J., Hoffmann, C., Muir, A.B., Dods, K.K., Spergel, J.M., Bushman, F.D., and Wang, M.-L. (2015). Inflammation-Associated Microbiota in Pediatric Eosinophilic Esophagitis. Microbiome, 3.","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-015-0085-6"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Harris, J.K., Fang, R., Wagner, B.D., Choe, H.N., Kelly, C.J., Schroeder, S., Moore, W., Stevens, M.J., Yeckes, A., and Amsden, K. (2015). Esophageal Microbiome in Eosinophilic Esophagitis. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0128346"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Laserna-Mendieta, E.J., FitzGerald, J.A., Arias-Gonzalez, L., Ollala, J.M., Bernardo, D., Claesson, M.J., and Lucendo, A.J. (2021). Esophageal Microbiome in Active Eosinophilic Esophagitis and Changes Induced by Different Therapies. Sci. Rep., 11.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-86464-z"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1097\/MPG.0000000000003685","article-title":"Mucosal Microbiota Associated with Eosinophilic Esophagitis and Eosinophilic Gastritis","volume":"76","author":"Furuta","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, X., Zhang, N., and Wang, Z. (2023). Eosinophilic Esophagitis and Esophageal Microbiota. Front. Cell Infect. Microbiol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2023.1206343"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1080\/17474124.2019.1546120","article-title":"Molecular Basis and Cellular Mechanisms of Eosinophilic Esophagitis for the Clinical Practice","volume":"13","author":"Arias","year":"2019","journal-title":"Expert. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153477","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prp.2021.153477","article-title":"STAT6: A Review of a Signaling Pathway Implicated in Various Diseases with a Special Emphasis in Its Usefulness in Pathology","volume":"223","author":"Karpathiou","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pathol. Res. Pract."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1483","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2018.06.012","article-title":"Eosinophilic Esophagitis and the Eosinophilic Gastrointestinal Diseases: Approach to Diagnosis and Management","volume":"6","author":"Steinbach","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. Pract."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1186\/s13601-020-00329-8","article-title":"Molecular approach to a patient\u2019s tailored diagnosis of the oral allergy syndrome","volume":"10","author":"Alessandri","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Transl. Allergy"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3242","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2024.09.037","article-title":"An International Delphi Consensus on the Management of Pollen-Food Allergy Syndrome: A Work Group Report of the AAAAI Adverse Reactions to Foods Committee","volume":"12","author":"Cox","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. Pract."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"889","DOI":"10.1111\/all.12879","article-title":"A new eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE)-like disease without tissue eosinophilia found in EoE families","volume":"71","author":"Straumann","year":"2016","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1159\/000529910","article-title":"Eosinophilic Esophagitis beyond Eosinophils\u2014An Emerging Phenomenon Overlapping with Eosinophilic Esophagitis: Collegium Internationale Allergologicum (CIA) Update 2023","volume":"184","author":"Straumann","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. Arch. Allergy Immunol."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"W\u0105sik, J., and Ma\u0142ecka-Wojciesko, E. (2023). Eosinophilic Esophagitis-What Do We Know So Far?. J. Clin. Med., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12062259"}],"container-title":["Nutrients"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/17\/8\/1355\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T17:15:36Z","timestamp":1760030136000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/17\/8\/1355"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,16]]},"references-count":64,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4]]}},"alternative-id":["nu17081355"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu17081355","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6643"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6643","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,16]]}}}