{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]],"date-time":"2026-10-20T02:13:41Z","timestamp":1792462421352,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":144,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,17]],"date-time":"2025-04-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1744848000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Small Intestinal Bacterial Overgrowth (SIBO) and Small Intestinal Fungal Overgrowth (SIFO) are distinct yet often overlapping conditions characterized by an abnormal increase in microbial populations within the small intestine. SIBO results from an overgrowth of colonic bacteria, while SIFO is driven by fungal overgrowth, primarily involving Candida species. Both conditions present with nonspecific gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms such as bloating, abdominal pain, diarrhea, and malabsorption, making differentiation between SIBO and SIFO challenging. This review aims to elucidate the underlying mechanisms, risk factors, diagnostic challenges, and management strategies associated with SIBO and SIFO. Methods: A comprehensive review of current literature was conducted, focusing on the pathophysiology, diagnostic modalities, and therapeutic approaches for SIBO and SIFO. Results: SIBO is commonly associated with factors such as reduced gastric acid secretion, impaired gut motility, and structural abnormalities like bowel obstruction and diverticula. It is frequently diagnosed using jejunal aspirates (\u2265105 colony forming units (CFUs)\/mL) or breath tests. In contrast, SIFO is linked to prolonged antibiotic use, immunosuppression, and gut microbiome dysbiosis, with diagnosis relying on fungal cultures from small intestinal aspirates due to the absence of standardized protocols. Conclusion: The clinical overlap and frequent misdiagnosis of SIBO and SIFO highlight the need for improved diagnostic tools and a multidisciplinary approach to management. This review emphasizes the importance of understanding the mechanisms behind SIBO and SIFO, how they relate to other health outcomes, and potential management strategies to optimize patient care and therapeutic outcomes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu17081365","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,17]],"date-time":"2025-04-17T00:48:46Z","timestamp":1744850926000},"page":"1365","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Small Intestinal Bacterial and Fungal Overgrowth: Health Implications and Management Perspectives"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Natalie","family":"Soliman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Cleveland, OH 44122, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0168-5163","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Caroline","family":"Kruithoff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Cleveland, OH 44122, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5998-6423","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Erin Marie","family":"San Valentin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Medical Mycology and Integrated Microbiome Core, Department of Dermatology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7215-4445","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ahmed","family":"Gamal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Hospitals St. John Medical Center, Cleveland, OH 44145, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas S.","family":"McCormick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Medical Mycology and Integrated Microbiome Core, Department of Dermatology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mahmoud","family":"Ghannoum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Medical Mycology and Integrated Microbiome Core, Department of Dermatology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA"},{"name":"Department of Dermatology, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mishra, K., Bukavina, L., and Ghannoum, M. 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