{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T21:46:57Z","timestamp":1789681617667,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,20]],"date-time":"2025-04-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1745107200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Breast milk is the most important nutrition for newborns. Growth factors such as insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1), epidermal growth factor (EGF), transforming growth factor-\u03b2 (TGF-\u03b2), and nerve growth factor (NGF) are among its components that play pivotal roles in neonatal development, immune system priming, and gastrointestinal maturation. This study examined the effects of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), maternal hypothyroidism, and method of delivery on the concentrations of these factors in colostrum collected at three distinct postpartum time points. Methods: A group of 39 women was included, 20 of whom gave birth vaginally, whereas caesarean section was performed in 19 patients. A total of 18 volunteers were diagnosed with GDM, and 17 suffered from hypothyroidism. Colostrum samples were collected from the volunteers in the first 3 days after birth under hospital conditions. Growth factors like IGF-1, EGF, NGF, and TGF-\u03b2 were measured in the samples using commercial immunoenzymatic assays. Results: No significant differences were observed in the values of these parameters between the groups of women (with GDM or hypothyroidism and healthy, as well as giving birth naturally and by caesarean section). In addition, the growth factors exhibited good stability within the first few postpartum days (CVs for all studied parameters: in the range of 0.7\u20135.0%). Conclusions: The pregnancy disorders that were properly controlled and treated by specialists appeared not to affect the levels of the analyzed growth factors\u2014just like the type of delivery and the day of colostrum collection.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu17081386","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,20]],"date-time":"2025-04-20T20:15:06Z","timestamp":1745180106000},"page":"1386","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Pilot Study of Growth Factors in Colostrum: How Delivery Mode and Maternal Health Impact IGF-1, EGF, NGF, and TGF-\u03b2 Levels in Polish Women"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4821-4492","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pawe\u0142","family":"Pa\u015bko","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Chemistry and Nutrition, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Cracow, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4819-9085","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jadwiga","family":"Kryczyk-Kozio\u0142","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Chemistry and Nutrition, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Cracow, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5101-036X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pawe\u0142","family":"Zagrodzki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Chemistry and Nutrition, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Cracow, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ewelina","family":"Prochownik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Chemistry and Nutrition, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Cracow, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martyna","family":"Ziomek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Chemistry and Nutrition, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Cracow, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ryszard","family":"Lauterbach","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neonatology, Jagiellonian University Hospital, Kopernika 23, 31-501 Cracow, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hubert","family":"Huras","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Perinatology, Jagiellonian University Hospital, Kopernika 23, 31-501 Cracow, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Magdalena","family":"Sta\u015bkiewicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Perinatology, Jagiellonian University Hospital, Kopernika 23, 31-501 Cracow, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Justyna","family":"Dobrowolska-Iwanek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Chemistry and Nutrition, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Cracow, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Modzelewski, R., Stefanowicz-Rutkowska, M.M., Matuszewski, W., and Bandurska-Stankiewicz, E.M. 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