{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,17]],"date-time":"2026-02-17T14:39:46Z","timestamp":1771339186015,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":74,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,21]],"date-time":"2025-04-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1745193600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"CNS-NSF-Feihe Tizhi, Nutrition and Health Research Fund","award":["CNS-Feihe2022-84"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CNS-Feihe2022-84"]}]},{"name":"CNS-NSF-Feihe Tizhi, Nutrition and Health Research Fund","award":["24CE-YS-05"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["24CE-YS-05"]}]},{"name":"Young Scholar Program of BJAST","award":["CNS-Feihe2022-84"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CNS-Feihe2022-84"]}]},{"name":"Young Scholar Program of BJAST","award":["24CE-YS-05"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["24CE-YS-05"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Breast milk confers essential passive immunity to infants, particularly during viral pandemics. This study investigates dynamic changes in SARS-CoV-2-specific antibodies and proteome in the breast milk of mothers infected with either the wild-type or Omicron variants, addressing gaps in longitudinal dynamics and conserved or variant-specific immune responses. Methods: A prospective cohort of 22 lactating mothers infected with Omicron variant (December 2022\u2013January 2023) was analyzed alongside a published dataset of wild-type-infected mothers (January\u2013May 2020). Breast milk samples were collected at eight time points (1, 4, 7, 14, 21, 28, 35, 42 days post-infection) from the Omicron cohort for ELISA quantification of SARS-CoV-2-specific IgA, IgG, and IgM. Proteomic analysis was conducted for both cohorts. Results: Macronutrient composition remained stable throughout the post-infection period. SARS-CoV-2-specific IgA and IgG demonstrated biphasic kinetics, rapidly rising by day 14 (IgA: 0.03 to 0.13 ng\/mL; IgG: 0.91 to 37.00 ng\/mL) and plateauing through day 42. In contrast, IgM levels remained unchanged. Proteomic profiling identified 135 proteins associated with IgA\/IgG dynamics, including variant-specific and conserved proteins. Conclusions: Breast milk maintains nutritional integrity while mounting robust immune responses during SARS-CoV-2 infection. These findings underscore breastfeeding as a safe and protective practice during COVID-19.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu17081396","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,21]],"date-time":"2025-04-21T20:38:26Z","timestamp":1745267906000},"page":"1396","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Dynamic Changes in Antibodies and Proteome in Breast Milk of Mothers Infected with Wild-Type SARS-CoV-2 and Omicron: A Longitudinal Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3901-2549","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yaqiong","family":"Guo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biotechnology and Health, Beijing Academy of Science and Technology, Beijing 100094, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cheng","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biotechnology and Health, Beijing Academy of Science and Technology, Beijing 100094, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Minjie","family":"Tan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Chemical Biology, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen 518132, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yuexiao","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biotechnology and Health, Beijing Academy of Science and Technology, Beijing 100094, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shuai","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biotechnology and Health, Beijing Academy of Science and Technology, Beijing 100094, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cheng","family":"Zhi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biotechnology and Health, Beijing Academy of Science and Technology, Beijing 100094, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8451-9173","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jing","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biotechnology and Health, Beijing Academy of Science and Technology, Beijing 100094, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(15)01024-7","article-title":"Breastfeeding in the 21st century: Epidemiology, mechanisms, and lifelong effect","volume":"387","author":"Victora","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1111\/apa.13147","article-title":"Optimal breastfeeding practices and infant and child mortality: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"104","author":"Sankar","year":"2015","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1063","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqab075","article-title":"The need to study human milk as a biological system","volume":"113","author":"Christian","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am. 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