{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,17]],"date-time":"2026-03-17T09:26:30Z","timestamp":1773739590203,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,23]],"date-time":"2025-04-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1745366400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Pinduoduo-China Agricultural University Research Fund","award":["PC2023B01014"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PC2023B01014"]}]},{"name":"Pinduoduo-China Agricultural University Research Fund","award":["2024GZkf-05"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024GZkf-05"]}]},{"name":"Pinduoduo-China Agricultural University Research Fund","award":["B18053"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["B18053"]}]},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences","award":["PC2023B01014"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PC2023B01014"]}]},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences","award":["2024GZkf-05"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024GZkf-05"]}]},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences","award":["B18053"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["B18053"]}]},{"name":"Education Ministry of China","award":["PC2023B01014"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PC2023B01014"]}]},{"name":"Education Ministry of China","award":["2024GZkf-05"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024GZkf-05"]}]},{"name":"Education Ministry of China","award":["B18053"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["B18053"]}]},{"name":"2115 Talent Development Program of China Agricultural University","award":["PC2023B01014"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PC2023B01014"]}]},{"name":"2115 Talent Development Program of China Agricultural University","award":["2024GZkf-05"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024GZkf-05"]}]},{"name":"2115 Talent Development Program of China Agricultural University","award":["B18053"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["B18053"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Celastrol, a pentacyclic triterpenoid active component isolated from the root bark of the traditional medicinal plant Tripterygium wilfordii, displays significant anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and immunomodulatory properties. However, its clinical application remains limited due to inadequate bioavailability. Methods: Regarding these issues, we innovatively developed a novel peanut cultivar (cel-peanut) enriched with celastrol through distant hybridization combined with metabolomics screening. Guided by the research concept of \u201cnatural anti-inflammatory diets for metabolic disease management\u201d, we established a high-fat diet-induced ApoE\u2212\/\u2212 atherosclerotic mouse model to systematically evaluate the anti-atherosclerosis effects and mechanisms of cel-peanut. Results: Our results revealed that cel-peanut significantly reduced serum levels of triglycerides (TGs) and increased high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C). Concurrently, cel-peanut markedly decreased the atherosclerotic lesion area and enhanced collagen content within plaques. Mechanistic investigations demonstrated that cel-peanut reduced serum malondialdehyde (MDA) levels and suppressed the concentration of pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-6 in atherosclerotic lesions. Furthermore, cel-peanut promoted intestinal health by modulating the composition and functionality of gut microbiota, thereby attenuating atherosclerosis progression. Conclusions: Overall, these findings indicate that cel-peanut exerts therapeutic effects against atherosclerosis through its anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and gut microbiota-modulating properties. This study proposes a novel nutritional intervention strategy for atherosclerosis and provides a promising adjuvant strategy for clinical atherosclerosis treatment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu17091418","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,23]],"date-time":"2025-04-23T08:26:43Z","timestamp":1745396803000},"page":"1418","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Effects of Celastrol-Enriched Peanuts on Metabolic Health and the Development of Atherosclerosis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Jiaxin","family":"Shi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition and Health, Key Laboratory of Precision Nutrition and Food Quality, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yitong","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition and Health, Key Laboratory of Precision Nutrition and Food Quality, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chenxuan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition and Health, Key Laboratory of Precision Nutrition and Food Quality, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Min","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangdong Agricultural Antibiotic Reduction and Replacement Technology Promotion Association, Shenzhen 518114, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mingxuan","family":"Qu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangdong Agricultural Antibiotic Reduction and Replacement Technology Promotion Association, Shenzhen 518114, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shuaishuai","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition and Health, Key Laboratory of Precision Nutrition and Food Quality, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Leon","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangdong Agricultural Antibiotic Reduction and Replacement Technology Promotion Association, Shenzhen 518114, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiaohao","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangdong Agricultural Antibiotic Reduction and Replacement Technology Promotion Association, Shenzhen 518114, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8987-0533","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Junjie","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition and Health, Key Laboratory of Precision Nutrition and Food Quality, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7834-8742","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yongting","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition and Health, Key Laboratory of Precision Nutrition and Food Quality, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chao","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangdong Agricultural Antibiotic Reduction and Replacement Technology Promotion Association, Shenzhen 518114, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Peng","family":"An","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition and Health, Key Laboratory of Precision Nutrition and Food Quality, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"GBD 2019 Diseases and Injuries Collaborators (2020). Global burden of 369 diseases and injuries in 204 countries and territories, 1990\u20132019: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. Lancet, 396, 1204\u20131222."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhu, Y., Xian, X., Wang, Z., Bi, Y., Chen, Q., Han, X., Tang, D., and Chen, R. (2018). Research Progress on the Relationship between Atherosclerosis and Inflammation. Biomolecules, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/biom8030080"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"524","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-021-03392-8","article-title":"The changing landscape of atherosclerosis","volume":"592","author":"Libby","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.1177\/2047487319869400","article-title":"Lifestyle factors and high-risk atherosclerosis: Pathways and mechanisms beyond traditional risk factors","volume":"27","author":"Lechner","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. J. Prev. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-022-00955-7","article-title":"Inflammation and atherosclerosis: Signaling pathways and therapeutic intervention","volume":"7","author":"Kong","year":"2022","journal-title":"Signal Transduct. Target. Ther."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1038\/s41573-021-00198-1","article-title":"Targeting inflammation in atherosclerosis-from experimental insights to the clinic","volume":"20","author":"Soehnlein","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Drug Discov."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2269","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2022.09.048","article-title":"Micronutrient Supplementation to Reduce Cardiovascular Risk","volume":"80","author":"An","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1188","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/cvab173","article-title":"Dietary recommendations for prevention of atherosclerosis","volume":"118","author":"Riccardi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Res."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4660","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.7099","article-title":"Natural products: A lead for drug discovery and development","volume":"35","author":"Chopra","year":"2021","journal-title":"Phytother. Res."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wu, X., Wei, J., Yi, Y., Gong, Q., and Gao, J. (2022). Activation of Nrf2 signaling: A key molecular mechanism of protection against cardiovascular diseases by natural products. Front. Pharmacol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2022.1057918"},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"542","article-title":"Bioactive matters based on natural product for cardiovascular diseases","volume":"4","author":"Zhong","year":"2024","journal-title":"Smart Mater. Med."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhao, Y., Miettinen, K., and Kampranis, S.C. (2024). Celastrol: A century-long journey from the isolation to the biotechnological production and the development of an antiobesity drug. Curr. Opin. Plant Biol., 81.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pbi.2024.102615"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111068","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2023.111068","article-title":"Celastrol as a candidate drug for silicosis: From bioinformatics and network pharmacology to experimental validation","volume":"125","author":"Liang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. Immunopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105572","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2021.105572","article-title":"Celastrol in metabolic diseases: Progress and application prospects","volume":"167","author":"Xu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Res."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gu, J., Shi, Y.N., Zhu, N., Li, H.F., Zhang, C.J., and Qin, L. (2023). Celastrol functions as an emerging manager of lipid metabolism: Mechanism and therapeutic potential. Biomed. Pharmacother., 164.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2023.114981"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, Z., Zhang, J., Duan, X., Zhao, G., and Zhang, M. (2022). Celastrol: A Promising Agent Fighting against Cardiovascular Diseases. Antioxidants, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox11081597"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sun, Y., Wang, C., Li, X., Lu, J., and Wang, M. (2024). Recent advances in drug delivery of celastrol for enhancing efficiency and reducing the toxicity. Front. Pharmacol., 15.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2024.1137289"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhou, M., Liao, J., Lai, W., Xu, R., Liu, W., Xie, D., Wang, F., Zhang, Z., Huang, J., and Zhang, R. (2023). A celastrol-based nanodrug with reduced hepatotoxicity for primary and metastatic cancer treatment. EBioMedicine, 94.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2023.104724"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10954","DOI":"10.1039\/D0TB01939A","article-title":"Current advances in the nano-delivery of celastrol for treating inflammation-associated diseases","volume":"8","author":"Fang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem. B"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6867","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2010.05.027","article-title":"The systemic toxicity of positively charged lipid nanoparticles and the role of Toll-like receptor 4 in immune activation","volume":"31","author":"Kedmi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2085","DOI":"10.1038\/s12276-023-01086-x","article-title":"Immunogenicity of lipid nanoparticles and its impact on the efficacy of mRNA vaccines and therapeutics","volume":"55","author":"Lee","year":"2023","journal-title":"Exp. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1740","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2024.06.013","article-title":"Effects of high-quality protein supplementation on cardiovascular risk factors in individuals with metabolic diseases: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"43","author":"Zhou","year":"2024","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhao, Z., Zhong, L., Zhou, P., Deng, Y., Liu, G., Li, P., Zeng, J., Zhang, Y., Tang, X., and Zhang, M. (2024). Impact of Dietary Fatty Acid Composition on the Intestinal Microbiota and Fecal Metabolism of Rats Fed a High-Fructose\/High-Fat Diet. Nutrients, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16213774"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135962","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfa.2024.135962","article-title":"Role of peanut oleosomes in the delivery of curcumin embedded in interpenetrating emulsion-filled gels made with whey protein and chitosan","volume":"707","author":"Rahman","year":"2025","journal-title":"Colloids Surf. A Physicochem. Eng. Asp."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1421","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-015-7039-6","article-title":"Denitrifying sulfide removal process on high-salinity wastewaters in the presence of Halomonas sp.","volume":"100","author":"Liu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"i884","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/bty560","article-title":"fastp: An ultra-fast all-in-one FASTQ preprocessor","volume":"34","author":"Chen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2957","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btr507","article-title":"FLASH: Fast length adjustment of short reads to improve genome assemblies","volume":"27","author":"Magoc","year":"2011","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.3869","article-title":"DADA2: High-resolution sample inference from Illumina amplicon data","volume":"13","author":"Callahan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Methods"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.1038\/s41587-020-0548-6","article-title":"PICRUSt2 for prediction of metagenome functions","volume":"38","author":"Douglas","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7537","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.01541-09","article-title":"Introducing mothur: Open-source, platform-independent, community-supported software for describing and comparing microbial communities","volume":"75","author":"Schloss","year":"2009","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Segata, N., Izard, J., Waldron, L., Gevers, D., Miropolsky, L., Garrett, W.S., and Huttenhower, C. (2011). Metagenomic biomarker discovery and explanation. Genome Biol., 12.","DOI":"10.1186\/gb-2011-12-6-r60"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rahman, M.M., Rahaman, M.S., Islam, M.R., Rahman, F., Mithi, F.M., Alqahtani, T., Almikhlafi, M.A., Alghamdi, S.Q., Alruwaili, A.S., and Hossain, M.S. (2021). Role of Phenolic Compounds in Human Disease: Current Knowledge and Future Prospects. Molecules, 27.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27010233"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gu, L., Bai, W., Li, S., Zhang, Y., Han, Y., Gu, Y., Meng, G., Xie, L., Wang, J., and Xiao, Y. (2013). Celastrol prevents atherosclerosis via inhibiting LOX-1 and oxidative stress. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0065477"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tan, J.L., Yi, J., Cao, X.Y., Wang, F.Y., Xie, S.L., Zhou, L.L., Qin, L., and Dai, A.G. (2023). Celastrol: The new dawn in the treatment of vascular remodeling diseases. Biomed. Pharmacother., 158.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2022.114177"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Song, J., He, G.N., and Dai, L. (2023). A comprehensive review on celastrol, triptolide and triptonide: Insights on their pharmacological activity, toxicity, combination therapy, new dosage form and novel drug delivery routes. Biomed. Pharmacother., 162.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2023.114705"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-022-01231-4","article-title":"Celastrol suppresses colorectal cancer via covalent targeting peroxiredoxin 1","volume":"8","author":"Xu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Signal Transduct. Target. Ther."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1449","DOI":"10.2217\/nnm-2022-0191","article-title":"Celastrol-based nanomedicine hydrogels eliminate posterior capsule opacification","volume":"17","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nanomedicine"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101953","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fochx.2024.101953","article-title":"Bioactive compound encapsulation: Characteristics, applications in food systems, and implications for human health","volume":"24","author":"Soltani","year":"2024","journal-title":"Food Chem. X"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1738","DOI":"10.1080\/10408398.2019.1592107","article-title":"The frontier between nutrition and pharma: The international regulatory framework of functional foods, food supplements and nutraceuticals","volume":"60","author":"Dominguez","year":"2020","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1594","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2019.07.061","article-title":"From Focal Lipid Storage to Systemic Inflammation: JACC Review Topic of the Week","volume":"74","author":"Libby","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xu, H., Fang, F., Wu, K., Song, J., Li, Y., Lu, X., Liu, J., Zhou, L., Yu, W., and Yu, F. (2023). Gut microbiota-bile acid crosstalk regulates murine lipid metabolism via the intestinal FXR-FGF19 axis in diet-induced humanized dyslipidemia. Microbiome, 11.","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-023-01709-5"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zheng, Z., Lyu, W., Ren, Y., Li, X., Zhao, S., Yang, H., and Xiao, Y. (2021). Allobaculum Involves in the Modulation of Intestinal ANGPTLT4 Expression in Mice Treated by High-Fat Diet. Front. Nutr., 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2021.690138"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jare.2020.03.007","article-title":"Possible synergy effect of hydrogen sulfide and acetate produced by sulfate-reducing bacteria on inflammatory bowel disease development","volume":"27","author":"Kushkevych","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Adv. Res."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2007","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2023.10.016","article-title":"Fiber-deficient diet inhibits colitis through the regulation of the niche and metabolism of a gut pathobiont","volume":"31","author":"Kuffa","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, Y., Zhou, M., Yang, M., Jin, C., Song, Y., Chen, J., Gao, M., Ai, Z., and Su, D. (2021). Pulsatilla chinensis Saponins Ameliorate Inflammation and DSS-Induced Ulcerative Colitis in Rats by Regulating the Composition and Diversity of Intestinal Flora. Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2021.728929"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e03576-23","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.03576-23","article-title":"Loss of Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron bile acid-altering enzymes impacts bacterial fitness and the global metabolic transcriptome","volume":"12","author":"McMillan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Microbiol. Spectr."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhu, J., Liu, X., Liu, N., Zhao, R., and Wang, S. (2024). Lactobacillus plantarum alleviates high-fat diet-induced obesity by altering the structure of mice intestinal microbial communities and serum metabolic profiles. Front. Microbiol., 15.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2024.1425764"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vacca, M., Celano, G., Calabrese, F.M., Portincasa, P., Gobbetti, M., and De Angelis, M. (2020). The Controversial Role of Human Gut Lachnospiraceae. Microorganisms, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms8040573"}],"container-title":["Nutrients"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/17\/9\/1418\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T17:20:03Z","timestamp":1760030403000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/17\/9\/1418"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,23]]},"references-count":48,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5]]}},"alternative-id":["nu17091418"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu17091418","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6643"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6643","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,23]]}}}