{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T16:33:37Z","timestamp":1790181217845,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":74,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,25]],"date-time":"2025-04-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1745539200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Acute dehydration, commonly induced through fluid restriction and\/or excessive sweating, is a common weight-cutting strategy among combat sport athletes. However, its impact on muscle strength and power remains a concern. The aim of the study was to evaluate the impact of 2% body mass reduction via dehydration on lower-limb strength and power in elite karate athletes. Methods: Fourteen male elite karate athletes completed two conditions: euhydrated (EUH) and dehydrated (DEH) (\u22122% body mass via 24-h fluid restriction). Performance was assessed using squat jump (SJ) and countermovement jump (CMJ) tests, along with isokinetic knee flexion and extension at 60, 180, and 300\u00b0\/s. Results: Dehydration significantly reduced squat jump height (37.19 \u00b1 3.69 vs. 39.34 \u00b1 5.08 cm (EUH), p = 0.04), power output (2188.2 \u00b1 307.2 vs. 2351.1 \u00b1 347.2 W (EUH), p = 0.001), and knee extension and flexion strength at 60\u00b0\/s (p = 0.018). CMJ height and higher-velocity knee flexion\/extension were unaffected (p &gt; 0.05). Conclusions: Acute dehydration impairs lower-body maximal force production at low velocities but has no significant effect on high velocity movements. Athletes and coaches should carefully manage hydration strategies when \u201ccutting weight\u201d to avoid any negative performance effects.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu17091452","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,25]],"date-time":"2025-04-25T10:42:09Z","timestamp":1745577729000},"page":"1452","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["The Effect of Acute Dehydration upon Muscle Strength Indices at Elite Karate Athletes: A Randomized Crossover Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9134-1641","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giannis","family":"Arnaoutis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Nutrition & Clinical Dietetics, Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Health Science and Education, Harokopio University of Athens, El. Venizelou Ave. 70, Kallithea, GR 17676 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Petros","family":"Neophytou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Nutrition & Clinical Dietetics, Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Health Science and Education, Harokopio University of Athens, El. Venizelou Ave. 70, Kallithea, GR 17676 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1123\/ijsnem.22.2.89","article-title":"Methods of Body Mass Reduction by Combat Sport Athletes","volume":"22","author":"Brito","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Sport. Nutr. Exerc. Metab."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1579","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-016-0541-x","article-title":"It Is Time to Ban Rapid Weight Loss from Combat Sports","volume":"46","author":"Artioli","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pallar\u00e9s, J.G., Mart\u00ednez-Abell\u00e1n, A., L\u00f3pez-Gull\u00f3n, J.M., Mor\u00e1n-Navarro, R., De la Cruz-S\u00e1nchez, E., and Mora-Rodr\u00edguez, R. (2016). Muscle Contraction Velocity, Strength and Power Output Changes Following Different Degrees of Hypohydration in Competitive Olympic Combat Sports. J. Int. Soc. Sports Nutr., 13.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12970-016-0121-3"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1525","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-016-0493-1","article-title":"Towards a Determination of the Physiological Characteristics Distinguishing Successful Mixed Martial Arts Athletes: A Systematic Review of Combat Sport Literature","volume":"46","author":"James","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"518","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-004-1073-x","article-title":"Energetics of Karate Kumite","volume":"92","author":"Beneke","year":"2004","journal-title":"Eur. J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Franchini, E. (2023). Energy System Contributions during Olympic Combat Sports: A Narrative Review. Metabolites, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/metabo13020297"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-009-1154-y","article-title":"Energetics of Karate (Kata and Kumite Techniques) in Top-Level Athletes","volume":"107","author":"Doria","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eur. J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"1341","article-title":"The Impact of Basic Motor Abilities on the Specific Motoricity Performance in Elite Karateka","volume":"34","author":"Zagorac","year":"2010","journal-title":"Coll. Antropol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-019-01223-5","article-title":"Impact of Pre-Exercise Hypohydration on Aerobic Exercise Performance, Peak Oxygen Consumption and Oxygen Consumption at Lactate Threshold: A Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis","volume":"50","author":"Deshayes","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2555","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0000000000002249","article-title":"Repeat Effort Performance Is Reduced 24 Hours After Acute Dehydration in Mixed Martial Arts Athletes","volume":"32","author":"Barley","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Strength Cond. Res."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1002\/j.2040-4603.2014.tb00543.x","article-title":"Dehydration: Physiology, Assessment, and Performance Effects","volume":"4","author":"Cheuvront","year":"2014","journal-title":"Compr. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1207","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-015-0349-0","article-title":"Effect of Hypohydration on Muscle Endurance, Strength, Anaerobic Power and Capacity and Vertical Jumping Ability: A Meta-Analysis","volume":"45","author":"Savoie","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"995","DOI":"10.1123\/ijspp.2021-0104","article-title":"Effects of Weight Cutting on Exercise Performance in Combat Athletes: A Meta-Analysis","volume":"17","author":"Brechney","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Sports Physiol. Perform."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1211","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-016-1170-8","article-title":"The Effect of Hypohydration on Endothelial Function in Young Healthy Adults","volume":"56","author":"Arnaoutis","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"F199","DOI":"10.1152\/ajprenal.00086.2023","article-title":"Acute Kidney Injury Biomarkers and Hydration Assessments Following Prolonged Mild Hypohydration in Healthy Young Adults","volume":"325","author":"Chapman","year":"2023","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Renal Physiol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1249\/JSR.0000000000000831","article-title":"ACSM Expert Consensus Statement on Weight Loss in Weight-Category Sports","volume":"20","author":"Burke","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr. Sports Med. Rep."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1123\/ijsnem.2018-0029","article-title":"Case Study: Extreme Weight Making Causes Relative Energy Deficiency, Dehydration, and Acute Kidney Injury in a Male Mixed Martial Arts Athlete","volume":"29","author":"Kasper","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Sport. Nutr. Exerc. Metab."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1123\/ijsnem.2018-0087","article-title":"Case Study: Fatal Exertional Rhabdomyolysis Possibly Related to Drastic Weight Cutting","volume":"29","author":"Murugappan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Sport. Nutr. Exerc. Metab."},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"1171","article-title":"Wrestling Hyperthermia and Dehydration","volume":"158","author":"Hoey","year":"1998","journal-title":"CMAJ"},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"(1998). Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Hyperthermia and Dehydration-Related Deaths Associated with Intentional Rapid Weight Loss in Three Collegiate Wrestlers\u2014North Carolina, Wisconsin, and Michigan, November\u2013December 1997. MMWR Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep., 47, 105\u2013108."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1123\/ijsnem.2018-0165","article-title":"The Magnitude of Rapid Weight Loss and Rapid Weight Gain in Combat Sport Athletes Preparing for Competition: A Systematic Review","volume":"29","author":"Matthews","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Sport. Nutr. Exerc. Metab."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1123\/ijsnem.2017-0183","article-title":"The Effect of Water Loading on Acute Weight Loss Following Fluid Restriction in Combat Sports Athletes","volume":"28","author":"Reale","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Sport. Nutr. Exerc. Metab."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"933","DOI":"10.1123\/ijspp.2017-0715","article-title":"Weight Loss Strategies in Combat Sports and Concerning Habits in Mixed Martial Arts","volume":"13","author":"Barley","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Sports Physiol. Perform."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"462","DOI":"10.1080\/15438627.2021.1989435","article-title":"Dehydration and Rapid Weight Gain Between Weigh-in and Competition in Judo Athletes: The Differences between Women and Men","volume":"31","author":"Ceylan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Res. Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Evans, C., Stull, C., Sanders, G., Ricci, A., French, D., Antonio, J., and Peacock, C.A. (2023). Weight Cutting in Female UFC Fighters. J. Int. Soc. Sports Nutr., 20.","DOI":"10.1080\/15502783.2023.2247384"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1123\/ijspp.2022-0204","article-title":"Rapid Weight Gain and Weight Differential Predict Competitive Success in 2100 Professional Combat-Sport Athletes","volume":"18","author":"Baribeau","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Sports Physiol. Perform."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1051","DOI":"10.1080\/17461391.2019.1695954","article-title":"Neuromuscular Performance after Rapid Weight Loss in Olympic-Style Boxers","volume":"20","author":"Zubac","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. J. Sport. Sci."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1123\/ijspp.2023-0332","article-title":"The Cognitive Function and Taekwondo-Specific Kick Performance of Taekwondo Athletes at Different Hydration Statuses","volume":"19","author":"Zheng","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Sports Physiol. Perform."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ceylan, B., Kons, R.L., Detanico, D., and \u0160imenko, J. (2022). Acute Dehydration Impairs Performance and Physiological Responses in Highly Trained Judo Athletes. Biology, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/biology11060872"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1080\/02640410903428574","article-title":"Rapid Weight Loss Followed by Recovery Time Does Not Affect Judo-Related Performance","volume":"28","author":"Artioli","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Sports Sci."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brenner, J.S., and COUNCIL ON SPORTS MEDICINE AND FITNESS (2016). Sports Specialization and Intensive Training in Young Athletes. Pediatrics, 138.","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2016-2148"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xu, D., Zhou, H., Quan, W., Ma, X., Chon, T.-E., Fernandez, J., Gusztav, F., Kov\u00e1cs, A., Baker, J.S., and Gu, Y. (2024). New Insights Optimize Landing Strategies to Reduce Lower Limb Injury Risk. Cyborg Bionic Syst., 5.","DOI":"10.34133\/cbsystems.0126"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chiaramonte, R., Testa, G., Russo, A., Buccheri, E., Milana, M., Prezioso, R., Pavone, V., and Vecchio, M. (2024). Damage for Gain: The Useful Damage of the Pitcher\u2019s Paradox. Heliyon, 10.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e25401"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Barley, O.R., Chapman, D.W., and Abbiss, C.R. (2019). The Current State of Weight-Cutting in Combat Sports-Weight-Cutting in Combat Sports. Sports, 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/sports7050123"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3420","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0000000000003368","article-title":"Weight-Cutting Implications for Competition Outcomes in Mixed Martial Arts Cage Fighting","volume":"35","author":"Brechney","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Strength Cond. Res."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1123\/ijsnem.2018-0400","article-title":"Rapid Weight Loss Practices in Elite Kickboxers","volume":"29","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Sport. Nutr. Exerc. Metab."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1080\/00913847.2016.1228421","article-title":"Rapid Weight Gain in Professional Boxing and Correlation with Fight Decisions: Analysis from 71 Title Fights","volume":"44","author":"Daniele","year":"2016","journal-title":"Phys. Sportsmed."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mart\u00ednez-Aranda, L.M., Sanz-Matesanz, M., Orozco-Dur\u00e1n, G., Gonz\u00e1lez-Fern\u00e1ndez, F.T., Rodr\u00edguez-Garc\u00eda, L., and Guadalupe-Grau, A. (2023). Effects of Different Rapid Weight Loss Strategies and Percentages on Performance-Related Parameters in Combat Sports: An Updated Systematic Review. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public. Health, 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph20065158"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1123\/ijsn.4.3.265","article-title":"Urinary Indices of Hydration Status","volume":"4","author":"Armstrong","year":"1994","journal-title":"Int. J. Sport. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1123\/ijsn.8.4.345","article-title":"Urinary Indices during Dehydration, Exercise, and Rehydration","volume":"8","author":"Armstrong","year":"1998","journal-title":"Int. J. Sport. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"442","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00187.2005","article-title":"Rehydration with Glycerol: Endocrine, Cardiovascular, and Thermoregulatory Responses during Exercise in the Heat","volume":"100","author":"Kavouras","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.2478\/hukin-2022-0098","article-title":"Validity and Reliability of Strategy Metrics to Assess Countermovement Jump Performance Using the Newly Developed My Jump Lab Smartphone Application","volume":"83","author":"Bishop","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Hum. Kinet."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-003-0933-0","article-title":"Reliability and Validity of the Biodex System 3 pro Isokinetic Dynamometer Velocity, Torque and Position Measurements","volume":"91","author":"Drouin","year":"2004","journal-title":"Eur. J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2012-090958","article-title":"Effect of Exercise-Induced Dehydration on Endurance Performance: Evaluating the Impact of Exercise Protocols on Outcomes Using a Meta-Analytic Procedure","volume":"47","author":"Goulet","year":"2013","journal-title":"Br. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"701","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-009-1288-y","article-title":"The Effects of Progressive Dehydration on Strength and Power: Is There a Dose Response?","volume":"108","author":"Hayes","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur. J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2011","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0000000000001913","article-title":"The Difference Between Countermovement and Squat Jump Performances: A Review of Underlying Mechanisms With Practical Applications","volume":"31","author":"Zolotarjova","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Strength Cond. Res."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Van Hooren, B., and Bosch, F. (2016). Influence of Muscle Slack on High-Intensity Sport Performance: A Review. Strength Cond. J., 38.","DOI":"10.1519\/SSC.0000000000000251"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1441","DOI":"10.1139\/apnm-2024-0192","article-title":"Does Acute Dehydration Affect the Neuromuscular Function in Healthy Adults?-A Systematic Review","volume":"49","author":"Francisco","year":"2024","journal-title":"Appl. Physiol. Nutr. Metab."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lorenzo, I., Serra-Prat, M., and Y\u00e9benes, J.C. (2019). The Role of Water Homeostasis in Muscle Function and Frailty: A Review. Nutrients, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11081857"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"907","DOI":"10.2165\/00007256-200737100-00006","article-title":"Hydration and Muscular Performance: Does Fluid Balance Affect Strength, Power and High-Intensity Endurance?","volume":"37","author":"Judelson","year":"2007","journal-title":"Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3531","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0000000000000578","article-title":"Effects of Acute Dehydration on Neuromuscular Responses of Exercised and Nonexercised Muscles after Exercise in the Heat","volume":"28","author":"Rodrigues","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Strength. Cond. Res."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1797","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-022-04937-z","article-title":"Corticospinal and Peripheral Responses to Heat-Induced Hypo-Hydration: Potential Physiological Mechanisms and Implications for Neuromuscular Function","volume":"122","author":"Uddin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur. J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2238","DOI":"10.13189\/ujer.2018.061022","article-title":"Evaluation of Physiological Performance Parameters of Elite Karate-Kumite Athletes by the Simulated Karate Performance Test","volume":"6","author":"Ramazanoglu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Univers. J. Educ. Res."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1269","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-009-1338-5","article-title":"Neuromuscular Control Adaptations in Elite Athletes: The Case of Top Level Karateka","volume":"108","author":"Sbriccoli","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur. J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1113\/expphysiol.2011.061002","article-title":"High Skin Temperature and Hypohydration Impair Aerobic Performance","volume":"97","author":"Sawka","year":"2012","journal-title":"Exp. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1149","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsm.2010.077966","article-title":"Effect of Exercise-Induced Dehydration on Time-Trial Exercise Performance: A Meta-Analysis","volume":"45","author":"Goulet","year":"2011","journal-title":"Br. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"708","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0000000000001817","article-title":"Is Vertical Jump Height an Indicator of Athletes\u2019 Power Output in Different Sport Modalities?","volume":"32","author":"Kons","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Strength. Cond. Res."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1826","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0000000000000329","article-title":"Predicting Punching Acceleration from Selected Strength and Power Variables in Elite Karate Athletes: A Multiple Regression Analysis","volume":"28","author":"Loturco","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Strength. Cond. Res."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0000000000001075","article-title":"Strength and Power Qualities Are Highly Associated With Punching Impact in Elite Amateur Boxers","volume":"30","author":"Loturco","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Strength. Cond. Res."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1080\/02701367.1984.10605354","article-title":"The Effects of Rapid Weight Loss and Attempted Rehydration on Strength and Endurance of the Handgripping Muscles in College Wrestlers","volume":"55","author":"Serfass","year":"1984","journal-title":"Res. Q. Exerc. Sport"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1123\/ijspp.2016-0211","article-title":"Acute-Weight-Loss Strategies for Combat Sports and Applications to Olympic Success","volume":"12","author":"Reale","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Sports Physiol. Perform."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.20463\/pan.2024.0017","article-title":"A Scoping Review of Rapid Weight Loss in Judo Athletes: Prevalence, Magnitude, Effects on Performance, Risks, and Recommendations","volume":"28","author":"Yang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Phys. Act. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1080\/02640410802413214","article-title":"Combination of Gradual and Rapid Weight Loss: Effects on Physical Performance and Psychological State of Elite Judo Athletes","volume":"27","author":"Koral","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Sports Sci."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsm.35.6.390","article-title":"Effects of Rapid Weight Loss on Mood and Performance among Amateur Boxers","volume":"35","author":"Hall","year":"2001","journal-title":"Br. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1093","DOI":"10.1249\/01.mss.0000222838.74015.15","article-title":"No Effect of Moderate Hypohydration or Hyperthermia on Anaerobic Exercise Performance","volume":"38","author":"Cheuvront","year":"2006","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Sports Exerc."},{"key":"ref_66","first-page":"361","article-title":"Mild Dehydration Following Voluntary Water Intake Reduction Does Not Affect Anaerobic Power Performance","volume":"60","author":"Hosick","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Sports Med. Phys. Fit."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1155","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2013-092689","article-title":"Effect of Rapid Weight Loss on Performance in Combat Sport Male Athletes: Does Adaptation to Chronic Weight Cycling Play a Role?","volume":"47","author":"Mendes","year":"2013","journal-title":"Br. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1139\/apnm-2013-0044","article-title":"Repeated Familiarisation with Hypohydration Attenuates the Performance Decrement Caused by Hypohydration during Treadmill Running","volume":"39","author":"Fleming","year":"2014","journal-title":"Appl. Physiol. Nutr. Metab."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liska, D., Mah, E., Brisbois, T., Barrios, P.L., Baker, L.B., and Spriet, L.L. (2019). Narrative Review of Hydration and Selected Health Outcomes in the General Population. Nutrients, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11010070"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2360","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0000000000001682","article-title":"Dehydration Impairs Cognitive Performance: A Meta-Analysis","volume":"50","author":"Wittbrodt","year":"2018","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Sports Exerc."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jesf.2022.03.006","article-title":"Impact of Dehydration on Perceived Exertion during Endurance Exercise: A Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis","volume":"20","author":"Deshayes","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Exerc. Sci. Fit."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lakicevic, N., Paoli, A., Roklicer, R., Trivic, T., Korovljev, D., Ostojic, S.M., Proia, P., Bianco, A., and Drid, P. (2021). Effects of Rapid Weight Loss on Kidney Function in Combat Sport Athletes. Medicina, 57.","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina57060551"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1813","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-020-01319-3","article-title":"The Effects of Menstrual Cycle Phase on Exercise Performance in Eumenorrheic Women: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"50","author":"McNulty","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gen\u00e7o\u011flu, C., Ulup\u0131nar, S., \u00d6zbay, S., Turan, M., Sava\u015f, B.\u00c7., Asan, S., and \u0130nce, \u0130. (2023). Validity and Reliability of \u201cMy Jump App\u201d to Assess Vertical Jump Performance: A Meta-Analytic Review. Sci. Rep., 13.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-46935-x"}],"container-title":["Nutrients"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/17\/9\/1452\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T17:21:51Z","timestamp":1760030511000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/17\/9\/1452"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,25]]},"references-count":74,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5]]}},"alternative-id":["nu17091452"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu17091452","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6643"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6643","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,25]]}}}