{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,6]],"date-time":"2026-05-06T03:10:39Z","timestamp":1778037039325,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,26]],"date-time":"2025-04-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1745625600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"NICHD","award":["R21HD100653"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R21HD100653"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Premature infants frequently experience feeding difficulties due to the disrupted coordination of sucking, swallowing, and breathing, increasing the risk of airway compromise. In adults with dysphagia, cold liquids can enhance swallowing by stimulating sensory receptors in the pharyngeal mucosa. We previously demonstrated that short-duration feeding with cold liquid significantly reduces dysphagia in preterm infants; however, the impact of an entire feeding with cold milk remains unexplored. This study aimed to evaluate the safety of cold milk feedings in preterm infants with uncoordinated feeding patterns and their impact on their feeding performance. Methods: Preterm infants with uncoordinated feeding patterns (n = 26) were randomized to be fed milk at either room temperature (RT) or cold temperature (CT) using an experimental, randomized crossover design. We monitored axillary and gastric content temperatures, mesenteric blood flow, and feeding performance. Results: There were no significant differences in mesenteric blood flow Doppler measurements or axillary body temperatures between the CT and RT feeding conditions. However, a reduction in gastric content temperatures of 3.6 \u00b0F and 2.7 \u00b0F was observed at one and thirty minutes following CT feeding, respectively. No evidence of cold stress, increased episodes of apnea or bradycardia, gastric residuals, or emesis was noted in infants during or after the CT feeding condition. Feeding performance outcomes did not differ significantly regarding milk transfer rate (p = 0.781) or proficiency (p = 0.425). However, the quality score on the Infant-Driven Feeding Scale (IDFS) showed a significant improvement following CT feeding (p = 0.001). Conclusions: Cold milk feeding can be a safe therapeutic option for preterm infants. This underscores the potential for further comprehensive investigations to evaluate cold milk feeding as an effective therapeutic strategy for managing feeding and swallowing difficulties in preterm infants. The study was registered at clinicaltrials.org under #NCT04421482.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu17091457","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,28]],"date-time":"2025-04-28T05:21:31Z","timestamp":1745817691000},"page":"1457","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["From Warm to Cold: Feeding Cold Milk to Preterm Infants with Uncoordinated Oral Feeding Patterns"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Louisa","family":"Ferrara-Gonzalez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, NYU Langone Hospital\u2014Long Island, NYU Grossman Long Island School of Medicine, Mineola, NY 11501, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3247-9701","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ranjith","family":"Kamity","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, NYU Langone Hospital\u2014Long Island, NYU Grossman Long Island School of Medicine, Mineola, NY 11501, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zeyar","family":"Htun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, NYU Langone Hospital\u2014Long Island, NYU Grossman Long Island School of Medicine, Mineola, NY 11501, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1112-8590","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vikramaditya","family":"Dumpa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Arkansas Children\u2019s Hospital, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9385-101X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shahidul","family":"Islam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biostatistics Unit, Office of Academic Affairs, Northwell Health, New Hyde Park, NY 11042, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2167-5712","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nazeeh","family":"Hanna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, NYU Langone Hospital\u2014Long Island, NYU Grossman Long Island School of Medicine, Mineola, NY 11501, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1053\/siny.2002.0152","article-title":"Developmental progression of feeding skills: An approach to supporting feeding in preterm infants","volume":"7","author":"Ross","year":"2002","journal-title":"Semin. 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