{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,9]],"date-time":"2026-01-09T15:55:44Z","timestamp":1767974144167,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":71,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,26]],"date-time":"2025-04-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1745625600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Research and Innovation Agency, Indonesia","award":["B-4637\/II.5.4\/SI.06.01\/7\/2024"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["B-4637\/II.5.4\/SI.06.01\/7\/2024"]}]},{"name":"National Research and Innovation Agency, Indonesia","award":["853-2-80-45-780400-S23017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["853-2-80-45-780400-S23017"]}]},{"name":"Financial Support System for Scientists and Research Teams in the Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Poland","award":["B-4637\/II.5.4\/SI.06.01\/7\/2024"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["B-4637\/II.5.4\/SI.06.01\/7\/2024"]}]},{"name":"Financial Support System for Scientists and Research Teams in the Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Poland","award":["853-2-80-45-780400-S23017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["853-2-80-45-780400-S23017"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Obesity, characterized by excess body fat, has been recognized as one of the main global health problems of the current times. This article, based on the data from the Cohort study of risk factors for non-communicable diseases in Indonesia (FRPTM), aims to analyze the food consumption patterns and their association with the risk of obesity and related non-communicable diseases (NCDs) in the Indonesian population. Methods: The article presents data collected from 867 respondents aged 25 years and above observed for 5 years: 2011, 2013, 2015, 2017 and 2019. It includes sociodemographic characteristics, consumption (1 \u00d7 24-h recall), anthropometry, and biomedical data (lipid profile, blood glucose, blood pressure). Results: The study identified cereals as the food group consumed in the largest amount and the largest contributor to energy, protein, carbohydrates and fiber intake. The fats and oils group exceeded the recommended intake, while vegetable and fruit consumption, and consequently the fiber intake, were far below the recommendations. The energy and macronutrient intake, and the percentage of respondents with excessive intake levels, were consequently increasing during the studied years. The consumption patterns were associated with the incidence of obesity, which increased from 43.9% in 2011 to 69.9% (central obesity) and 67.9% (BMI-based obesity) in 2019. Conclusions: The dynamics of the consumption patterns clearly impacted the obesity prevalence. At the same time, the NCDs biomarkers measured remained relatively stable despite increasing obesity and macronutrient intake over the study period. The study provides important insights into diet-related risks for obesity in Indonesia, with a potential to inform public health policies and relevant intervention strategies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu17091459","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,28]],"date-time":"2025-04-28T05:21:31Z","timestamp":1745817691000},"page":"1459","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Contribution of Food, Energy, Macronutrients and Fiber Consumption Patterns to Obesity and Other Non-Communicable Disease Risks in the Indonesian Population"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Fifi","family":"Retiaty","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Agricultural Technology, IPB University, IPB Dramaga Campus, Bogor 16680, West Java, Indonesia"},{"name":"Center for Public Health and Nutrition Research, National Research and Innovation Agency, Cibinong Science Center, Bogor 16680, West Java, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0065-6283","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nuri","family":"Andarwulan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Agricultural Technology, IPB University, IPB Dramaga Campus, Bogor 16680, West Java, Indonesia"},{"name":"Southeast Asian Food and Agricultural Science and Technology (SEAFAST) Center, IPB University, IPB Dramaga Campus, Bogor 16680, West Java, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nurheni Sri","family":"Palupi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Agricultural Technology, IPB University, IPB Dramaga Campus, Bogor 16680, West Java, Indonesia"},{"name":"Southeast Asian Food and Agricultural Science and Technology (SEAFAST) Center, IPB University, IPB Dramaga Campus, Bogor 16680, West Java, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fitrah","family":"Ernawati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Public Health and Nutrition Research, National Research and Innovation Agency, Cibinong Science Center, Bogor 16680, West Java, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4334-6672","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Renata","family":"Kazimierczak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Functional and Organic Food, Institute of Human Nutrition Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Nowoursynowska 159c, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8143-2918","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dominika","family":"\u015arednicka-Tober","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Functional and Organic Food, Institute of Human Nutrition Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Nowoursynowska 159c, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.56397\/JIMR\/2023.03.04","article-title":"Obesity and Its Related Diseases: A New Escalating Alarming in Global Health","volume":"2","author":"Mohajan","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Innov. Med Res."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2025, March 14). Obesity and Overweight. Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/obesity-and-overweight."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1016\/j.advms.2024.04.001","article-title":"Obesity\u2014Standards, Trends and Advances","volume":"69","year":"2024","journal-title":"Adv. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1332","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(19)30318-3","article-title":"World Health Organization Cardiovascular Disease Risk Charts: Revised Models to Estimate Risk in 21 Global Regions","volume":"7","author":"Kaptoge","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet Glob. Health"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stewart, S.S., Sliwa, K., Mocumbi, A., Damasceno, A., and Ntsekhe., M. (2016). Noncommunicable Disease. Heart of Africa: Clinical Profile of an Evolving Burden of Heart Disease in Africa, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119097136"},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"4762575","article-title":"Dietary Pattern and Macronutrients Profile on the Variation of Inflammatory Biomarkers: Scientific Update","volume":"2018","author":"Kelly","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cardiol. Res. Pract."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bestari, F.F., Andarwulan, N., and Palupi, E. (2023). Synthesis of Effect Sizes on Dose Response from Ultra-Processed Food Consumption against Various Noncommunicable Diseases. Foods, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods12244457"},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"435","article-title":"Relationship between Dietary Energy Intake, Nutritional Status and Cardiovascular Risk in Adults from the Communes of Quell\u00f3n and Chonchi, Chilo\u00e9, Chile","volume":"63","author":"Crovetto","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Prev. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.21926\/rpn.2402006","article-title":"Dietary Fiber in Preventing Non-Communicable Diseases: Predicting Prevented Deaths and Economic Impact through the Use of Algae as a Fiber Source","volume":"4","author":"Pereira","year":"2024","journal-title":"Recent Prog. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"Health Development Policy Agency (2024). Indonesia Health Survey 2023 in Numbers, Health Development Policy Agency."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.13181\/mji.v27i2.1512","article-title":"Obesity and Central Obesity in Indonesia: Evidence from a National Health Survey","volume":"27","author":"Harbuwono","year":"2018","journal-title":"Med. J. Indones."},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"Ministry of Health Republic Indonesia (2025, March 14). Hasil Utama Riset Kesehatan Dasar (Key Results of Basic Health Research). Available online: https:\/\/layanandata.kemkes.go.id\/katalog-data\/riskesdas\/ketersediaan-data\/riskesdas-2018."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101132","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cegh.2022.101132","article-title":"Higher Cardiovascular Risks and Atherogenic Index of Plasma Found in Police Officers of Developing Country in Surabaya, East Java, Indonesia","volume":"17","author":"Ardiana","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin. Epidemiol. Glob. Health"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2982","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2020.11.010","article-title":"Global Burden of Cardiovascular Diseases and Risk Factors, 1990-2019: Update From the GBD 2019 Study","volume":"76","author":"Roth","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"312","article-title":"The Nutrition Transition in West Sumatra, Indonesia","volume":"13","author":"Lipoeto","year":"2004","journal-title":"Asia Pac. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.3934\/publichealth.2017.6.633","article-title":"The Prevalence of Underweight, Overweight\/Obesity and Their Related Lifestyle Factors in Indonesia, 2014\u20132015","volume":"4","author":"Pengpid","year":"2017","journal-title":"AIMS Public Health"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.20473\/jn.v14i1.12811","article-title":"The Association of Body Mass Index, Physical Activity and Hypertension in Indonesia","volume":"14","author":"Mahiroh","year":"2019","journal-title":"Jurnal Ners"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5610725","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/5610725","article-title":"The Prevalence and Social Determinants of Hypertension among Adults in Indonesia: A Cross-Sectional Population-Based National Survey","volume":"2018","author":"Peltzer","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Hypertens."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"nzac091","DOI":"10.1093\/cdn\/nzac091","article-title":"A Cross-Sectional Assessment of Dietary Patterns and Their Relationship to Hypertension and Obesity in Indonesia","volume":"6","author":"Anyanwu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Curr. Dev. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2025, March 28). Standard STEPS Instrument. Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/teams\/noncommunicable-diseases\/surveillance\/systems-tools\/steps\/instrument."},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Regional Office for the Western Pacific (2000). The Asia-Pacific Perspective: Redefining Obesity and Its Treatment, Health Communications Australia. Available online: https:\/\/iris.who.int\/handle\/10665\/206936."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"American Diabetes Association Professional Practice Committee (2022). 2. Classification and Diagnosis of Diabetes: Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes\u20142022. Diabetes Care, 45, 17\u201338.","DOI":"10.2337\/dc22-S002"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III) (2002). Third Report of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III). Circulation, 106, 3143\u20133421.","DOI":"10.1161\/circ.106.25.3143"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, Q.J., Lai, H.M., Chen, B.D., Li, X.M., Zhai, H., He, C.H., Pan, S., Luo, J.Y., Gao, J., and Liu, F. (2016). Appropriate LDL-C-to-HDL-C Ratio Cutoffs for Categorization of Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors among Uygur Adults in Xinjiang, China. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph13020235"},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"Institute of Nutrition, Mahidol University (2014). ASEAN Food Composition Database ASEANFOODS Regional Centre and INFOODS Regional Database Centre, Institute of Nutrition, Mahidol University."},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"Direktorat Jenderal Kesehatan Masyarakat (2018). Tabel Komposisi Pangan Indonesia 2017, Kementerian Kesehatan RI. Available online: https:\/\/repository.stikespersadanabire.ac.id\/assets\/upload\/files\/docs_1634523137.pdf."},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"(2025, March 14). NutriSurvey. Available online: https:\/\/nutrisurvey.de\/nbs.htm."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1621","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-8223(02)90346-9","article-title":"Food and Nutrition Board of the Institute of Medicine, The National Academies. Dietary reference intakes for energy, carbohydrate, fiber, fat, fatty acids, cholesterol, protein and amino acids","volume":"102","author":"Trumbo","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Am. Diet. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"Khatib, O.M.N. (2006). Guidelines for the Prevention, Management and Care of Diabetes Mellitus, World Health Organization Regional Office for the Eastern Mediterranean."},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"(2025, March 14). Peraturan Badan Pangan Nasional Nomor 11 Tahun 2023 Tentang Pola Pangan Harapan. Available online: https:\/\/peraturan.bpk.go.id\/Details\/307661\/peraturan-bapanas-no-11-tahun-2023."},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"247","article-title":"Diabetes and Coronary Artery Disease\u2014Pathophysiologic Insights and Therapeutic Implications","volume":"11","author":"Fridman","year":"2016","journal-title":"Intech"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtemb.2016.01.007","article-title":"Dietary Intake of Metals by the Young Adult Population of Eastern Poland: Results from a Market Basket Study","volume":"35","author":"Koch","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Trace Elem. Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1159\/000515058","article-title":"Total Dietary Fat Intake, Fat Quality, and Health Outcomes: A Scoping Review of Systematic Reviews of Prospective Studies","volume":"77","author":"Schwingshackl","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann. Nutr. Metab."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"566","DOI":"10.18203\/2394-6040.ijcmph20160452","article-title":"Macro-Nutrient Intake of Reproductive Age Group Women: Findings of a Community Based Study from Rural Varanasi","volume":"3","author":"Khanam","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Community Med. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhao, Y., and Araki, T. (2021). Evaluation of Disparities in Adults\u2019 Macronutrient Intake Status: Results from the China Health and Nutrition 2011 Survey. Nutrients, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13093044"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gonz\u00e1lez-Torres, S., Gonz\u00e1lez-Silva, N., P\u00e9rez-Reyes, \u00c1., Anaya-Esparza, L.M., S\u00e1nchez-Enr\u00edquez, S., Vargas-Becerra, P.N., Villagr\u00e1n, Z., and Garc\u00eda-Garc\u00eda, M.R. (2022). Food Consumption and Metabolic Risks in Young University Students. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19010449"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.29219\/fnr.v67.9979","article-title":"Dietary Fiber\u2014A Scoping Review for Nordic Nutrition Recommendations 2023","volume":"67","author":"Carlsen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Food Nutr. Res."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.55493\/5002.v14i9.5158","article-title":"Do Income Levels Affect the Food Consumption Pattern of Households? Evidence from Indonesia","volume":"14","author":"Baladina","year":"2024","journal-title":"AEFR"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"012118","DOI":"10.1088\/1755-1315\/1107\/1\/012118","article-title":"Food Consumption Pattern Far Away from Home as a Source of Household Food Protein in Indonesia","volume":"1107","author":"Anindita","year":"2022","journal-title":"IOP Conf. Ser. Earth Environ. Sci."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Khusun, H., Februhartanty, J., Anggraini, R., Mognard, E., Alem, Y., Noor, M.I., Karim, N., Laporte, C., Poulain, J.P., and Monsivais, P. (2022). Animal and Plant Protein Food Sources in Indonesia Differ Across Socio-Demographic Groups: Socio-Cultural Research in Protein Transition in Indonesia and Malaysia. Front. Nutr., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2022.762459"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1079\/PHN2004699","article-title":"The Influence of Cereal and Dairy Consumption on the Irish Diet: Implications for Developing Food-Based Dietary Guidelines","volume":"8","author":"Burke","year":"2005","journal-title":"Public Health Nutr."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4593","DOI":"10.3390\/nu7064593","article-title":"Contribution of Food Groups to Energy and Nutrient Intakes in Five Developed Countries","volume":"7","author":"Auestad","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Laskowski, W., G\u00f3rska-Warsewicz, H., Rejman, K., Czeczotko, M., and Zwoli\u0144ska, J. (2019). How Important Are Cereals and Cereal Products in the Average Polish Diet?. Nutrients, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11030679"},{"key":"ref_44","first-page":"30","article-title":"Kontribusi Golongan Bahan Makanan Terhadap Konsumsi Energi Dan Protein Rumah Tangga Di Indonesia","volume":"33","author":"Prihatini","year":"2010","journal-title":"Puslitbang Gizi Dan Makanan"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Isaura, E.R., Chen, Y.C., and Yang, S.H. (2018). Pathways from Food Consumption Score to Cardiovascular Disease: A Seven-Year Follow-up Study of Indonesian Adults. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph15081567"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1093\/nutrit\/nuaa044","article-title":"Effects of Macronutrient Intake in Obesity: A Meta-Analysis of Low-Carbohydrate and Low-Fat Diets on Markers of the Metabolic Syndrome","volume":"79","author":"Willems","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nutr. Rev."},{"key":"ref_47","first-page":"2372","article-title":"Indicaciones de Diferentes Tipos de Fibra En Distintas Patolog\u00edas","volume":"31","author":"Almaraz","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nutr. Hosp."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Karimi, E., Yarizadeh, H., Setayesh, L., Sajjadi, S.F., Ghodoosi, N., Khorraminezhad, L., and Mirzaei, K. (2021). High Carbohydrate Intakes May Predict More Inflammatory Status than High Fat Intakes in Pre-Menopause Women with Overweight or Obesity: A Cross-Sectional Study. BMC Res. Notes, 14.","DOI":"10.1186\/s13104-021-05699-1"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13795","DOI":"10.1111\/obr.13795","article-title":"Trapped Fat: Obesity Pathogenesis as an Intrinsic Disorder in Metabolic Fuel Partitioning","volume":"25","author":"Friedman","year":"2024","journal-title":"Obes. Rev."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ghanemi, A., Yoshioka, M., and St-Amand, J. (2018). Broken Energy Homeostasis and Obesity Pathogenesis: The Surrounding Concepts. J. Clin. Med., 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm7110453"},{"key":"ref_51","first-page":"22","article-title":"Obesity and Diabetes in Heart Disease in Women","volume":"4","author":"Fatade","year":"2024","journal-title":"Metab Target Organ Damage M&TOD"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108685","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodhyd.2023.108685","article-title":"Impact of Macronutrient Composition in Nutrition Shakes on Postprandial Glycemic Response, Appetite, and Food Intake","volume":"141","author":"Yang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Food Hydrocoll."},{"key":"ref_53","first-page":"e02","article-title":"Fat and Carbohydrate Proportions Influence on the Insulin Resistance; a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis on Controlled Clinical Trials","volume":"2","author":"Salehi","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Prev. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1097\/00017285-197509000-00009","article-title":"Energy Balance and Obesity in Man","volume":"10","author":"Ailshul","year":"1975","journal-title":"Nutr. Today"},{"key":"ref_55","first-page":"23","article-title":"Adverse Effect of Fat Intake on Insulin Sensitivity and Associated Risk of Non-Communicable Diseases (NCD): A Review","volume":"29","author":"Temesgen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Adv. Life Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91027","DOI":"10.1017\/S0029665117000192","article-title":"Should a Low Carbohydrate Diet Be Recommended for Diabetes Management?","volume":"76","author":"McKenzie","year":"2017","journal-title":"Proc. Nutr. Soc."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4603682","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/4603682","article-title":"Effect of Dietary Macronutrients on Postprandial Glucagon and Insulin Release in Obese and Normal-Weight Women","volume":"2020","author":"Wikarek","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13555","DOI":"10.1111\/1753-0407.13555","article-title":"The Association between Multiple Trajectories of Macronutrient Intake and the Risk of New-Onset Diabetes in Chinese Adults","volume":"16","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.3889\/oamjms.2024.11743","article-title":"Macronutrient Intake and Association with the Risk Factors of Diabetic Complications among People with Type 2 Diabetes","volume":"12","author":"Aljohani","year":"2024","journal-title":"Maced. J. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.5551\/jat.30000","article-title":"An Update on Nutrients and Blood Pressure Summary of INTERMAP Study Findings","volume":"23","author":"Chan","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Atheroscler. Thromb."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Oh, H.Y., Kim, M.K., Lee, M., and Kim, Y.O. (2013). Macronutrient Composition and Sodium Intake of Diet Are Associated with Risk of Metabolic Syndrome and Hypertension in Korean Women. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0078088"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2037","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)32253-5","article-title":"Fruit, Vegetable, and Legume Intake, and Cardiovascular Disease and Deaths in 18 Countries (PURE): A Prospective Cohort Study","volume":"390","author":"Miller","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Farhadnejad, H., Mokhtari, E., Teymoori, F., Jahromi, M.K., Saber, N., Ahmadirad, H., Norouzzadeh, M., Mirmiran, P., and Azizi, F. (2024). Macronutrients Quality Indices and Risk of Metabolic Syndrome and Its Components in Iranian Adults. BMC Cardiovasc. Disord., 24.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12872-024-03779-1"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.1038\/s41440-018-0168-4","article-title":"Age-Differential Association between Serum Uric Acid and Incident Hypertension","volume":"42","author":"Lee","year":"2019","journal-title":"Hypertens. Res."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"882","DOI":"10.1111\/1753-0407.13185","article-title":"The Association of Energy and Macronutrient Intake at Dinner vs Breakfast with the Incidence of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in a Cohort Study: The China Health and Nutrition Survey, 1997\u20132011","volume":"13","author":"Ren","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-024-03523-7","article-title":"Associations between Dietary Macronutrient Composition and Cardiometabolic Health: Data from NHANES 1999\u20132014","volume":"64","author":"Koemel","year":"2025","journal-title":"Eur. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mirmiran, P., Hosseini-Esfahani, F., Esfandiar, Z., Hosseinpour-Niazi, S., and Azizi, F. (2022). Associations between Dietary Antioxidant Intakes and Cardiovascular Disease. Sci. Rep., 12.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-05632-x"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1509","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2019.2806","article-title":"Association of Animal and Plant Protein Intake with All-Cause and Cause-Specific Mortality in a Japanese Cohort","volume":"179","author":"Budhathoki","year":"2019","journal-title":"JAMA Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"694","DOI":"10.1038\/ejcn.2012.9","article-title":"Low-Carbohydrate, High-Protein Score and Mortality in a Northern Swedish Population-Based Cohort","volume":"66","author":"Nilsson","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, X., Yu, J., Wen, L., Li, Q., Yan, J., Tian, J., Tong, C., Tong, Q., Qi, H., and Saffery, R. (2021). Vitamin D Status in Women with Dichorionic Twin Pregnancies and Their Neonates: A Pilot Study in China. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth, 21.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12884-021-03707-7"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1380","DOI":"10.1093\/cdn\/nzaa061_008","article-title":"Carbohydrate Quantity and Quality and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes: Results from Three Large Prospective US Cohorts","volume":"4","author":"Braun","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr. Dev. Nutr."}],"container-title":["Nutrients"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/17\/9\/1459\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T17:22:05Z","timestamp":1760030525000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/17\/9\/1459"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,26]]},"references-count":71,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5]]}},"alternative-id":["nu17091459"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu17091459","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6643"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6643","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,26]]}}}