{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]],"date-time":"2026-10-20T00:39:37Z","timestamp":1792456777149,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":95,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,27]],"date-time":"2025-04-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1745712000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Indena, Milan, Italy"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Quercetin, a natural flavonoid, present in various vegetables and fruits, has garnered increasing attraction for its potential antiallergic properties. Its broad-spectrum activity depends on its anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, and antioxidant effects, which target the critical pathways involved in type 2-driven allergic inflammation. Quercetin inhibits mast cell degranulation, reduces the production of histamine and pro-inflammatory cytokines, and restores homeostasis of the immune system by modulating the Th1\/Th2 and Treg\/Th17 balances. Additionally, its antioxidant properties help to dampen oxidative stress, a critical factor in the pathophysiology of allergic diseases. In vitro studies have consistently demonstrated quercetin\u2019s ability to suppress allergic reactions. In contrast, in vivo studies, particularly in murine models of allergic rhinitis, have confirmed its efficacy in relieving symptoms (such as nasal itching, sneezing, rhinorrhea, and congestion) and dampening type 2 mucosal inflammation. Preclinical evidence also supports its therapeutic potential in asthma, conjunctivitis, atopic dermatitis, and food allergies. However, human studies are still scarce, as only two clinical trials investigated quercetin as a monotherapy. Both studies reported promising results, including symptom reduction and improved quality of life, though larger, randomized trials are needed to validate these findings. Some other studies have investigated multicomponent products that also contain quercetin. This review aimed to report and discuss the most recent in vitro and in vivo evidence on quercetin\u2019s application in allergic models. It also provides a comprehensive overview of human studies, highlighting its potential as an agent in food supplements to manage patients with allergic diseases. Moreover, this review introduces a new quercetin phospholipids formulation that may represent a keystone in clinical use. The literature search was based on a PubMed consultation considering the most recent (last five years) publications using the keywords \u201cquercetin and allergic disease\u201d and \u201cquercetin and immune system\u201d.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu17091476","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,28]],"date-time":"2025-04-28T05:21:31Z","timestamp":1745817691000},"page":"1476","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Quercetin and Its Lecithin-Based Formulation: Potential Applications for Allergic Diseases Based on a Narrative Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-4613-1151","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matteo","family":"Naso","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Allergy Center, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, 16100 Genoa, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chiara","family":"Trincianti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Allergy Center, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, 16100 Genoa, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria Angela","family":"Tosca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Allergy Center, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, 16100 Genoa, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7016-8421","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giorgio","family":"Ciprandi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Allergy Clinic, Casa di Cura Villa Montallegro, 16100 Genoa, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, Y., Yao, J., Han, C., Yang, J., Chaudhry, M.T., Wang, S., Liu, H., and Yin, Y. (2016). Quercitin, Inflammation and Immunity. Nutrients, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu8030167"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243S","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/81.1.243S","article-title":"Bioavailability and bioefficacy of polyphenols in humans. II. Review of 93 intervention studies","volume":"81","author":"Williamson","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1186\/s13223-020-00434-0","article-title":"Quercetin with the potential effect on allergic diseases","volume":"16","author":"Jafarinia","year":"2020","journal-title":"Allergy Asthma Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.4103\/0973-7847.194044","article-title":"Overviews of Biological Importance of Quercetin: A Bioactive Flavonoid","volume":"10","author":"Arulmoli","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pharmacogn. Rev."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"Bhagwat, S., Haytowitz, D.B., and Holden, J.M. (2025, April 10). USDA Database for the Flavonoid Content of Selected Foods, Available online: https:\/\/www.ars.usda.gov\/ARSUserFiles\/80400535\/Data\/Flav\/Flav_R03-1.pdf."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Terao, J. (2023). Potential Role of Quercetin Glycosides as Anti-Atherosclerotic Food-Derived Factors for Human Health. Antioxidants, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox12020258"},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"407","article-title":"Isoquercitrin suppresses the expression of histamine and pro-inflammatory cytokines by inhibiting the activation of MAP Kinases and NF-\u03baB in human KU812 cells","volume":"14","author":"Li","year":"2016","journal-title":"Chin. J. Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105676","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2019.105676","article-title":"Anti-inflammatory effects of quercetin in a mouse model of MC903-induced atopic dermatitis","volume":"74","author":"Hou","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. Immunopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2018.11.025","article-title":"Quercetin inhibits Mrgprx2-induced pseudo-allergic reaction via PLC\u03b3-IP3R related Ca2+ fluctuations","volume":"66","author":"Ding","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. Immunopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110924","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2019.110924","article-title":"Quercetin as a Lyn kinase inhibitor inhibits IgE-mediated allergic conjunctivitis","volume":"135","author":"Ding","year":"2020","journal-title":"Food Chem. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2012.09.010","article-title":"Eight flavonoids and their potential as inhibitors of human cytomegalovirus replication","volume":"96","author":"Cotin","year":"2012","journal-title":"Antiviral Res."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wu, W., Li, R., Li, X., He, J., Jiang, S., Liu, S., and Yang, J. (2016). Quercetin as an Antiviral Agent Inhibits Influenza A Virus (IAV) Entry. Viruses, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/v8010006"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e81","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2893.2011.01507.x","article-title":"Suppression of hepatitis C virus by the flavonoid quercetin is mediated by inhibition of NS3 protease activity","volume":"19","author":"Bachmetov","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Viral Hepat."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kaul, R., Paul, P., Kumar, S., B\u00fcsselberg, D., Dwivedi, V.D., and Chaari, A. (2021). Promising Antiviral Activities of Natural Flavonoids against SARS-CoV-2 Targets: Systematic Review. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms222011069"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156633","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2025.156633","article-title":"Quercetin protected the gut barrier in ulcerative colitis by activating aryl hydrocarbon receptor","volume":"140","author":"Wei","year":"2025","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156386","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2025.156386","article-title":"Quercetin inhibits platelet activation and ER-stress mediated autophagy in response to extracellular histone","volume":"138","author":"Manikanta","year":"2025","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xu, D., Hu, M.J., Wang, Y.Q., and Cui, Y.L. (2019). Antioxidant Activities of Quercetin and Its Complexes for Medicinal Application. Molecules, 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules24061123"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Das, D., Banerjee, A., Mukherjee, S., and Maji, B.K. (2024). Quercetin inhibits NF-\u03baB and JAK\/STAT signaling via modulating TLR in thymocytes and splenocytes during MSG-induced immunotoxicity: An in vitro approach. Mol. Biol. Rep., 51.","DOI":"10.1007\/s11033-024-09245-7"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e22241","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000022241","article-title":"Quercetin inhibits TNF-\u03b1 induced HUVECs apoptosis and inflammation via downregulating NF-\u03baB and AP-1 signaling pathway in vitro","volume":"99","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"138","article-title":"The alleviating impacts of quercetin on inflammation and oxidant-antioxidant imbalance in rats with allergic asthma","volume":"22","author":"Rajizadeh","year":"2023","journal-title":"Iran J. Allergy Asthma Immunol."},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"G120","article-title":"Part of Quercetin absorbed in the small intestine is conjugated and further secreted in the intestinal lumen","volume":"277","author":"Crespy","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1911","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/125.7.1911","article-title":"Quercetin metabolites in plasma of rats fed diets containing rutin or Quercetin","volume":"125","author":"Manach","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2179","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2007.05.015","article-title":"A critical review of the data related to the safety of quercitin and lack of evidence of in vivo toxicity, including lack of genotoxic\/carcinogenic properties","volume":"45","author":"Harwood","year":"2007","journal-title":"Food Chem. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"Rice-Evans, C.A., and Packer, L. (1998). Absorption, metabolism and bioavailability of flavonoids. Flavonoids in Health and Disease, Marcel Dekker Inc."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1234","DOI":"10.1016\/S0891-5849(00)00416-0","article-title":"Conjugation position of Quercetin glucuronides and effect on biological activity","volume":"29","author":"Day","year":"2000","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1259","DOI":"10.1016\/S0891-5849(99)00159-8","article-title":"Comparison of the bioavailability of quercetin and catechin in rats","volume":"27","author":"Manach","year":"1999","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3927","DOI":"10.1021\/jf9024823","article-title":"Bioavailability of various polyphenols from a diet containing moderate amounts of berries","volume":"58","author":"Koli","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1097\/00041433-200502000-00013","article-title":"Polyphenols and prevention of cardiovascular diseases","volume":"16","author":"Manach","year":"2005","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Lipidol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2010.11.009","article-title":"Preparation of a chemically stable quercetin formulation using nanosuspension technology","volume":"404","author":"Gao","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143630","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2025.143630","article-title":"Improving quercetin bioavailability: A systematic review and meta-analysis of human intervention studies","volume":"477","author":"Liu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1097\/ACI.0000000000001056","article-title":"Advances in asthma and allergic disease genetics","volume":"25","author":"Schoettler","year":"2025","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2023.03.015","article-title":"Modes of type 2 immune response initiation","volume":"56","author":"Kopp","year":"2023","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1087","DOI":"10.2147\/JAA.S273478","article-title":"Self-Management in Allergic Rhinitis: Strategies, Outcomes and Integration into Clinical Care","volume":"16","author":"Ciprandi","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Asthma Allergy"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1346","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2222.2011.03773.x","article-title":"Dietary polyphenols in the prevention and treatment of allergic diseases","volume":"41","author":"Singh","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Allergy"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.3109\/10715769509145649","article-title":"The relative antioxidant activities of plant-derived polyphenolic flavonoids","volume":"22","author":"Miller","year":"1995","journal-title":"Free Radic. Res."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Khan, J., Deb, P.K., Priya, S., Medina, K.D., Devi, R., Walode, S.G., and Rudrapal, M. (2021). Dietary Flavonoids: Cardioprotective Potential with Antioxidant Effects and Their Pharmacokinetic, Toxicological and Therapeutic Concerns. Molecules, 26.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202106.0305.v1"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Marozkina, N. (2024). Ciliary Function, Antigen Stasis and Asthma. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 25.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202405.0174.v1"},{"key":"ref_38","first-page":"43","article-title":"Effect of quercetin and albizzia saponins on rat mast cell","volume":"29","author":"Johri","year":"1984","journal-title":"Ind. J. Physiol. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_39","first-page":"139","article-title":"Quercetin as a potential anti-allergic drug: Which perspectives?","volume":"10","author":"Chirumbolo","year":"2011","journal-title":"Iran. J. Allergy Asthma Immunol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1016\/0005-2736(77)90325-X","article-title":"Quercetin: A novel inhibitors of Ca2+ influx and exocytosis in rat peritoneal mast cells","volume":"469","author":"Fewtrell","year":"1977","journal-title":"Bioch. Biophys. Acta"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2222.2000.00768.x","article-title":"Effects of luteolin, quercetin and baicalein on immunoglobulin E-mediated mediator release from human cultured mast cells","volume":"30","author":"Kimata","year":"2000","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Allergy"},{"key":"ref_42","first-page":"47","article-title":"Role of quercetin (a natural herbal compound) in allergy and inflammation","volume":"20","author":"Shaik","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Biol. Reg. Homeost. Agents"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2008.10.021","article-title":"Quercetin regulates Th1\/Th2 balance in a murine model of asthma","volume":"9","author":"Park","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. Immunopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.2174\/187152810793358741","article-title":"The role of quercetin, flavonols and flavones in modulating inflammatory cell function. Inflamm","volume":"9","author":"Chirumbolo","year":"2010","journal-title":"Allergy Drug Targets"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"857","DOI":"10.2174\/138161282006140220120344","article-title":"Potential use of dietary natural products, especially polyphenols, for improving type-1 allergic symptoms","volume":"20","author":"Kumazawa","year":"2014","journal-title":"Curr. Pharm. Design"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mlcek, J., Jurikova, T., Skrovankova, S., and Sochor, J. (2016). Quercetin and Its Anti-Allergic Immune Response. Molecules, 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules21050623"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Edo, Y., Otaki, A., and Asano, K. (2018). Quercetin enhances the thioredoxin production of nasal epithelial cells in vitro and in vivo. Medicines, 5.","DOI":"10.3390\/medicines5040124"},{"key":"ref_48","first-page":"17","article-title":"Suppressive Activity of quercetin on Periostin Functions In Vitro","volume":"30","author":"Irie","year":"2016","journal-title":"In vivo"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6097625","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/6097625","article-title":"Suppressive Effect of quercetin on Nitric Oxide Production from Nasal Epithelial Cells In Vitro","volume":"2018","author":"Ebihara","year":"2018","journal-title":"Evid. Based Complement Altern. Med."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Luo, X., Xue, L., Xu, H., Zhao, Q.Y., Wang, Q., She, Y.S., Zang, D.A., Shen, J., Peng, Y.B., and Zhao, P. (2018). Polygonum aviculare L. extract and quercetin attenuate contraction in airway smooth muscle. Sci. Rep., 8.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-20409-x"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Otaki, A., Furuta, A., and Asano, K. (2023). Quercetin-Induced Enhancement of Nasal Epithelial Cells\u2019 Ability to Produce Clara Cell 10-kD Protein In Vitro and In Vivo. Medicines, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/medicines10040028"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tanaka, Y., Furuta, A., Asano, K., and Kobayashi, H. (2020). Modulation of Th1\/Th2 Cytokine Balance by quercetin In Vitro. Medicines, 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/medicines7080046"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1089\/ped.2019.1137","article-title":"Quercetin Improves Inflammation, Oxidative Stress, and Impaired Wound Healing in Atopic Dermatitis Model of Human Keratinocytes. Pediatr","volume":"33","author":"Beken","year":"2020","journal-title":"Allergy Immunol. Pulmonol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kashiwabara, M., Asano, K., Mizuyoshi, T., and Kobayashi, H. (2016). Suppression of neuropeptide production by quercetin in allergic rhinitis model rats. BMC Complement Altern Med., 16.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12906-016-1123-z"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mu, D., Zhou, L., Shi, L., Liu, T., Guo, Y., Chen, H., Luo, H., Ma, J., Zhang, H., and Xiong, P. (2024). Quercetin-crosslinked chitosan nanoparticles: A potential treatment for allergic rhinitis. Sci. Rep., 14.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-54501-2"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3087","DOI":"10.1007\/s00405-017-4602-z","article-title":"Effectiveness of quercetin in an experimental rat model of allergic rhinitis","volume":"274","author":"Sagit","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. Arch. Otorhinolaryngol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2189133","DOI":"10.1080\/08916934.2023.2189133","article-title":"Quercetin improves the imbalance of Th1\/Th2 cells and Treg\/Th17 cells to attenuate allergic rhinitis","volume":"56","author":"Xia","year":"2023","journal-title":"Autoimmunity"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138191","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2023.138191","article-title":"Covalent conjugation with polyphenol reduced the sensitization of walnut and ameliorated allergy by enhancing intestinal epithelial barrier in mice","volume":"439","author":"Ma","year":"2024","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_59","first-page":"487","article-title":"Effects of quercetin treatment on epithelium-derived cytokines and epithelial cell apoptosis in allergic airway inflammation mice model","volume":"15","author":"Sozmen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Iran J. Allergy Asthma Immunol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"478","DOI":"10.1016\/S1081-1206(10)62386-1","article-title":"The Chinese herbal formulation biminne in management of perennial allergic rhinitis: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, 12-week clinical trial","volume":"88","author":"Hu","year":"2002","journal-title":"Ann. Allergy Asthma Immunol."},{"key":"ref_61","first-page":"393","article-title":"Antiallergic activities of shallot (Allium ascalonicum L.) and its therapeutic effects in allergic rhinitis","volume":"40","author":"Arpornchayanon","year":"2022","journal-title":"Asian Pac. J. Allergy Immunol."},{"key":"ref_62","first-page":"53","article-title":"Efficacy of a novel food supplement in the relief of the signs and symptoms of seasonal allergic rhinitis and in the reduction of the consumption of anti-allergic drugs","volume":"86","author":"Ariano","year":"2015","journal-title":"Acta Biomed."},{"key":"ref_63","first-page":"617","article-title":"A polycentric, randomized, double-blind, parallel-group, placebo-controlled study on Lertal\u00ae, a multicomponent nutraceutical, as add-on treatment in children with allergic rhinoconjunctivitis: Phase I during active treatment","volume":"33","author":"Marseglia","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Biol. Regul. Homeost. Agents"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1186\/s13052-019-0678-y","article-title":"A polycentric, randomized, parallel-group, study on Lertal\u00ae, a multicomponent nutraceutical, as preventive treatment in children with allergic rhinoconjunctivitis: Phase II","volume":"45","author":"Marseglia","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ital. J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_65","first-page":"356","article-title":"Lertal\u00ae, a multicomponent nutraceutical, could reduce the use of antihistamines in children with allergic rhinoconjunctivitis","volume":"91","author":"Tosca","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acta Biomed."},{"key":"ref_66","first-page":"350","article-title":"Small airways in children with allergic rhinoconjunctivitis: The potential role of a multicomponent nutraceutical","volume":"91","author":"Leonardi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acta Biomed."},{"key":"ref_67","unstructured":"Zicari, A.M., De Castro, G., Brindisi, G., Papale, M., Marinelli, G., Licari, A., and Ciprandi, G. (2020). Respiratory infections in allergic children: The preventive role of a multicomponent nutraceutical. Acta Biomed., 91."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1177\/112067210901900301","article-title":"Clinical efficacy of a Ginkgo biloba extract in the topical treatment of allergic conjunctivitis","volume":"19","author":"Russo","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eur. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1078\/0944-7113-00350","article-title":"Characteristics, clinical effect profile and tolerability of a nasal spray preparation of Artemisia abrotanum L. for allergic rhinitis","volume":"11","author":"Remberg","year":"2004","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"key":"ref_70","first-page":"252","article-title":"Astragalus membranaceus improves therapeutic efficacy of asthmatic children by regulating the balance of Treg\/Th17 cells","volume":"17","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chin. J. Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.2500\/aap.2007.28.2920","article-title":"Role of FEF25-75 as early marker of small airways impairment in subjects with allergic rhinitis","volume":"28","author":"Marseglia","year":"2007","journal-title":"Allergy Asthma Proc."},{"key":"ref_72","first-page":"4331","article-title":"Effects of repeated oral intake of a quercetin-containing supplement on allergic reaction: A randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind parallel-group study","volume":"26","author":"Yamada","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur. Rev. Med. Pharmacol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1007\/s13318-018-0517-3","article-title":"Improved oral absorption of quercetin from quercetin phytosome\u00ae, a new delivery system based on food grade lecithin","volume":"44","author":"Riva","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. J. Drug Metab. Pharmacokinet."},{"key":"ref_74","first-page":"524","article-title":"Supplementary prevention and management of asthma with quercetin phytosome: A pilot registry","volume":"110","author":"Cesarone","year":"2019","journal-title":"Minerva Med."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.23736\/S0026-4806.18.05681-1","article-title":"Quercetin phytosome\u00ae in triathlon athletes: A pilot registry study","volume":"109","author":"Riva","year":"2018","journal-title":"Minerva Med."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.23736\/S1128-9155.19.00495-3","article-title":"Quercetin phytosome reduces the wheal response to histamine injection","volume":"22","author":"Belcaro","year":"2020","journal-title":"Esperienze Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Di Pede, G., Bresciani, L., Calani, L., Petrangolini, G., Riva, A., Allegrini, P., Del Rio, D., and Mena, P. (2020). The human microbial metabolism of quercetin in different formulations: An in vitro evaluation. Foods, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods9081121"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Di Pierro, F., Sultana, R., Eusaph, A.Z., Abrar, S., Bugti, M., Afridi, F., Farooq, U., Iqtadar, S., Ghauri, F., and Makhduma, S. (2023). Effect of berberine phytosome on reproductive, dermatologic, and metabolic characteristics in women with polycystic ovary syndrome: A controlled, randomized, multi-centric, open-label clinical trial. Front. Pharmacol., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2023.1269605"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"759","DOI":"10.2174\/1567201816666190902123147","article-title":"A new food-grade coenzyme Q10 formulation improves bioavailability: Single and repeated pharmacokinetic studies in healthy volunteers","volume":"16","author":"Petrangolini","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr. Drug Deliv."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bano, A., Hepsomali, P., Rabbani, F., Farooq, U., Kanwal, A., Saleem, A., Bugti, A.A., Khan, A.A., Khalid, Z., and Bugti, M. (2023). The possible \u201ccalming effect\u201d of subchronic supplementation of a standardized phospholipid carrier-based Melissa officinalis L. extract in healthy adults with emotional distress and poor sleep conditions: Results from a prospective, randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Front. Pharmacol., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2023.1250560"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pivari, F., Mingione, A., Piazzini, G., Ceccarani, C., Ottaviano, E., Brasacchio, C., Dei Cas, M., Vischi, M., Cozzolino, M.G., and Fogagnolo, P. (2022). Curcumin supplementation (Meriva\u00ae) modulates inflammation, lipid peroxidation and gut microbiota composition in chronic kidney disease. Nutrients, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14010231"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E46","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-025-08718-4","article-title":"Virus-induced senescence is a driver and therapeutic target in COVID-19","volume":"638","author":"Lee","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rondanelli, M., Riva, A., Petrangolini, G., Gasparri, C., and Perna, S. (2023). Two-month period of 500 mg lecithin-based delivery form of quercetin daily dietary supplementation counterbalances chronic fatigue symptoms: A double-blind placebo controlled clinical trial. Biomed. Pharmacother, 167.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2023.115453"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1245","DOI":"10.26420\/physmedrehabilint.2024.1245","article-title":"Quercetin Phospholipids Supplementation as a Natural Relief in Osteomuscular Health","volume":"11","author":"Miniati","year":"2024","journal-title":"Phys. Med. Rehabil. Int."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.23736\/S0026-4725.18.04795-3","article-title":"Interaction study between antiplatelet agents, anticoagulants, diabetic therapy and a novel delivery form of quercetin","volume":"67","author":"Riva","year":"2019","journal-title":"Minerva Cardioangiol."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1137","DOI":"10.26420\/Austinjotolaryngol.2024.1137","article-title":"Evaluation of Quercetin Phytosome\u2122 and Zinc in Supporting Subjects with Chronic Allergic and Non-Allergic Rhinitis","volume":"10","author":"Gamba","year":"2024","journal-title":"Austin J. Otolaryngol."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tosca, M.A., Ferrecchi, C., Meleca, V., Naso, M., and Ciprandi, G. (Minerva Pediatr., 2025). A multicomponent food supplement with quercetin Phytosome\u00ae, zinc and vitamin C may be favorable in managing children with seasonal allergic rhinitis: A pilot study, Minerva Pediatr., Online ahead of print.","DOI":"10.23736\/S2724-5276.25.07806-1"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-3038.2006.00413.x","article-title":"Allergic children have more numerous and severe respiratory infections than non-allergic children","volume":"17","author":"Ciprandi","year":"2006","journal-title":"Pediatr. Allergy Immunol."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1186\/s13052-020-0782-z","article-title":"Inflammation, infection, and allergy of upper airways: New insights from national and real-world studies","volume":"46","author":"Varricchio","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ital. J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S54","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0039-1691801","article-title":"Community-Acquired Pneumonia in Children: Myths and Facts","volume":"36","author":"Yun","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am. J. Perinatol."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kiedrowski, M.R., and Bomberger, J.M. (2018). Viral-Bacterial Co-infections in the Cystic Fibrosis Respiratory Tract. Front. Immunol., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.03067"},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2012.03.005","article-title":"Quercetin inhibits rhinovirus replication in vitro and in vivo","volume":"94","author":"Ganesan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Antivir. Res."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1080\/14756366.2019.1690480","article-title":"Inhibition of SARS-CoV 3CL protease by flavonoids","volume":"35","author":"Jo","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Enzyme Inhib. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2359","DOI":"10.2147\/IJGM.S318720","article-title":"Possible therapeutic effects of adjuvant quercetin supplementation against early-stage COVID-19 infection: A prospective, randomized, controlled, and open-label study","volume":"14","author":"Derosa","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Gen. Med."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2807","DOI":"10.2147\/IJGM.S318949","article-title":"Potential clinical benefits of quercetin in the early stage of COVID-19: Results of a second, pilot, randomized, controlled, and open-label clinical trial","volume":"14","author":"Iqtadar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Gen. Med."}],"container-title":["Nutrients"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/17\/9\/1476\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T17:22:49Z","timestamp":1760030569000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/17\/9\/1476"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,27]]},"references-count":95,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5]]}},"alternative-id":["nu17091476"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu17091476","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6643"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6643","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,27]]}}}