{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T17:35:49Z","timestamp":1790098549425,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,28]],"date-time":"2025-04-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1745798400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"University of Ferrara (FAR and FIRD 2024 funds)"},{"name":"Synbalance srl"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Colds are widespread infectious diseases that affect daily life, increasing healthcare costs and limiting productivity. Objectives: The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of a dietary supplement containing specific probiotic strains (L. plantarum PBS067, L. acidophilus PBS066, B. lactis BL050) on cold symptom relief, immune response enhancement, and quality of life. Methods This randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial included 65 healthy volunteers (age range: 18\u201344 years), divided into two groups: 40 received the probiotic treatment (with vitamins and bulking agents), and 25 received placebo (vitamins and bulking agents only) for 12 weeks. Cold symptoms and systemic inflammation were assessed at three time points (baseline T0, post-treatment T1, and 6 weeks after treatment T2). Results: Probiotics were associated with a shorter average duration of cold symptoms (4.5 vs. 6.7% for Placebo, p &lt; 0.05). At T1, fever and muscle pain occurred in 20% of participants in the Probiotic group vs. 28% and 44% in the Placebo group, respectively (p &lt; 0.05 for muscle pain vs. Placebo). For muscle pain, a trend was maintained also at T2 (17.5% vs. 20%). The pro-inflammatory cytokine IFN-\u03b3 levels significantly decreased in the Probiotic group vs. T0 (p &lt; 0.0001 at T1 and p &lt; 0.01 at T2), while they increased in the Placebo group (22.279 \u00b1 3.538 vs. 19.432 \u00b1 3.143 pg\/mL, p = NS). Although not statistically significant, at T1 the Probiotic group had higher levels of IL-10 vs. T0 (266.98 \u00b1 78.432 vs. 240.967 \u00b1 70.238, pg\/mL p = NS). Conclusions: The probiotic mix effectively alleviated cold symptoms and reduced pro-inflammatory cytokine levels, suggesting anti-inflammatory effects.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu17091490","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,28]],"date-time":"2025-04-28T11:48:33Z","timestamp":1745840913000},"page":"1490","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Clinical Efficacy of Probiotics for Relieving Cold Symptoms in Healthy Individuals: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trial"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9053-5671","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lisa","family":"Lungaro","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Translational Medicine, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy"},{"name":"Geriatric Unit, P. Giaccone University Hospital, 90127 Palermo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-1327-5682","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Patrizia","family":"Malfa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"SynBalance srl, 21040 Origgio, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2898-4323","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesca","family":"Manza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Translational Medicine, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy"},{"name":"Academic Unit of Gastroenterology, Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield S5 7AT, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-7133-8433","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matilde","family":"Negrelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Translational Medicine, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8644-1135","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna","family":"Costanzini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Translational Medicine, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8090-7718","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Diletta Francesca","family":"Squarzanti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"SynBalance srl, 21040 Origgio, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marta","family":"Lo Re","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"SynBalance srl, 21040 Origgio, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alessio","family":"Cariani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Pathology Unit, S. Anna University Hospital, 44124 Ferrara, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-3194-9621","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sara","family":"Ghisellini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Pathology Unit, S. Anna University Hospital, 44124 Ferrara, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8953-8338","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fabio","family":"Caputo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Translational Medicine, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alfredo","family":"De Giorgi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Translational Medicine, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0406-0583","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pasquale","family":"Mansueto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Geriatric Unit, P. Giaccone University Hospital, 90127 Palermo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8913-7916","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonio","family":"Carroccio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Internal Medicine, \u201cV. Cervello\u201d Hospital, Ospedali Riuniti \u201cVilla Sofia-Cervello\u201d, 90146 Palermo, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Health Promotion Sciences, Maternal and Infant Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties (PROMISE), University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0867-5873","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roberto","family":"De Giorgio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Translational Medicine, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy"},{"name":"Internal Medicine Unit, S.S. Annunziata Hospital, Cento, 44042 Ferrara, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4244-4529","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giacomo","family":"Caio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Translational Medicine, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy"},{"name":"Mucosal Immunology and Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital-Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA"},{"name":"Celiac Disease and Allergology Center, St. Anna University Hospital, 44124 Ferrara, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Long, S.S., Prober, C.G., and Fischer, M. (2018). 26\u2014The Common Cold. Principles and Practice of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Elsevier. 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