{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T10:47:39Z","timestamp":1792666059694,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,30]],"date-time":"2025-04-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1745971200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Recent studies have highlighted the role of the gut\u2013muscle axis, suggesting that modulation of the gut microbiota may indirectly benefit skeletal muscle. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of Lactobacillus fermentum (L. fermentum) supplementation in a model of muscle atrophy induced by chronic ethanol (EtOH) intake, focusing on inflammatory and antioxidant mechanisms. Methods: Sixty 12-month-old female Balb\/c mice were divided randomly into three groups (n = 20\/group): (1) Ethanol (EtOH) group, receiving ethanol daily for 8 and 12 weeks to induce systemic oxidative stress and inflammation; (2) Ethanol + Probiotic (EtOH + P) group, receiving both ethanol and L. fermentum supplementation for the same durations; and (3) Control (Ctrl) group, receiving only water. Muscle samples were analyzed for the fiber morphology, inflammatory markers, oxidative stress indicators, and satellite cell (SC) activity. All data were tested for normality using the Shapiro\u2013Wilk test before applying a parametric analysis. A statistical analysis was performed using one-way ANOVA followed by a Bonferroni post-hoc test. The level of significance was set at p &lt; 0.05. Results: EtOH exposure caused significant atrophy in all muscle fiber types (type I, IIa, and IIb), with the most pronounced effects on oxidative fibers. L. fermentum supplementation significantly reversed atrophy in type I and IIa fibers, accompanied by a significant reduction in IL-6, TNF-\u03b1, and Hsp60 expression levels, indicating the protective effect of L. fermentum against oxidative stress and inflammation. Moreover, the probiotic treatment increased MyoD expression in SCs, suggesting enhanced regenerative activity, without histological evidence of fibrosis. Conclusions: These findings suggest that L. fermentum supplementation could counteract EtOH-induced skeletal muscle damage by reducing inflammation and oxidative stress and promoting muscle repair, indicating its potential as an adjuvant, in the therapeutic strategy of models of muscle degeneration.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu17091550","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,1]],"date-time":"2025-05-01T05:10:32Z","timestamp":1746076232000},"page":"1550","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Lactobacillus fermentum LF31 Supplementation Reversed Atrophy Fibers in a Model of Myopathy Through the Modulation of IL-6, TNF-\u03b1, and Hsp60 Levels Enhancing Muscle Regeneration"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6204-9032","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Martina","family":"Sausa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnostics, University of Palermo, 90133 Palermo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8037-7761","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Letizia","family":"Paladino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Theoretical and Applied Sciences, eCampus University, 22060 Novedrate, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9948-9712","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Federica","family":"Scalia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnostics, University of Palermo, 90133 Palermo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9872-8574","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesco Paolo","family":"Zummo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnostics, University of Palermo, 90133 Palermo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giuseppe","family":"Vergilio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnostics, University of Palermo, 90133 Palermo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6610-5268","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesca","family":"Rappa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Institute of Translational Pharmacology, National Research Council of Italy (CNR), 90146 Palermo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9288-1148","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesco","family":"Cappello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnostics, University of Palermo, 90133 Palermo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Melania Ionelia","family":"Gratie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnostics, University of Palermo, 90133 Palermo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0326-5560","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Patrizia","family":"Proia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, Educational Science and Human Movement, University of Palermo, 90128 Palermo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4132-1260","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Valentina","family":"Di Felice","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnostics, University of Palermo, 90133 Palermo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1683-3803","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonella","family":"Marino Gammazza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnostics, University of Palermo, 90133 Palermo, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (STEBICEF), University of Palermo, 90133 Palermo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5109-2070","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Filippo","family":"Macaluso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnostics, University of Palermo, 90133 Palermo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6491-3640","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rosario","family":"Barone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnostics, University of Palermo, 90133 Palermo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sausa, M., Fucarino, A., Paladino, L., Zummo, F.P., Fabbrizio, A., Di Felice, V., Rappa, F., Barone, R., Marino Gammazza, A., and Macaluso, F. 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