{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T00:43:37Z","timestamp":1788914617085,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,14]],"date-time":"2025-05-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1747180800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Ketone salt (KS) containing a racemic beta-hydroxybutyrate mixture is commonly used as an alternative fuel source as it may lead to improved health and\/or performance. We postulate that KS will raise acetoacetate levels and represent the effectiveness of exogenous KS as an energy source. We conducted a pilot study to quantify changes in the circulating acetoacetate following KS and to determine if any changes in acetoacetate were associated with the changes in circulating beta-hydroxybutyrate. Methods: Thirteen adults (21.6 \u00b1 4.3 years old; seven males\/six females) completed this randomized, triple-blinded, placebo-controlled, cross-over design study. Participants consumed either KS or flavor-matched placebo with a one-week washout period between supplements. Blood samples were taken before and 30 min after consuming each supplement, and plasma acetoacetate and beta-hydroxybutyrate levels were measured by gas chromatography\/mass spectrometry. Results: The consumption of KS resulted in a significant increase in acetoacetate from baseline. The increase in acetoacetate after the KS supplement was significantly greater than that following the consumption of a placebo (\u2191 0.57 \u00b1 0.44 mM vs. \u2191 0.07 \u00b1 0.23 mM, p = 0.009, d = 0.86), and significantly and strongly related to the change in blood beta-hydroxybutyrate (r = 0.757, p &lt; 0.001). Conclusions: Our findings indicate that KS markedly increases plasma ketone body interconversion, presumably to supply peripheral tissues for ATP generation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu17101665","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,14]],"date-time":"2025-05-14T03:59:29Z","timestamp":1747195169000},"page":"1665","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Effectiveness of Exogenous Ketone Salts in Enhancing Circulating Acetoacetate Levels\u2014A Pilot Study in Healthy Adults"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2676-284X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"A.","family":"Holland-Winkler","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Kinesiology, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30909, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7021-0383","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrew","family":"Moore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Kinesiology, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30909, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1909-5746","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ilya","family":"Bederman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kolb, H., Kempf, K., R\u00f6hling, M., Lenzen-Schulte, M., Schloot, N.C., and Martin, S. 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