{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,15]],"date-time":"2026-07-15T11:05:24Z","timestamp":1784113524933,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":137,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,15]],"date-time":"2025-05-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1747267200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"USDA National Institute of Food and Agriculture (NIFA)","award":["7003749"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["7003749"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Dietary consumption of insulinogenic amino acids (IAA) is known to contribute to the development of insulin resistance. It remains to be studied whether dietary IAA restriction improves glucose metabolism and insulin sensitivity and whether this improvement is related to alterations in glucose metabolism in peripheral tissues. The objective of this study was to examine the effect of IAA restriction on glucose metabolism in a piglet model. Methods: Following the acclimation period, thirty-two seven-day-old male piglets were randomly assigned into one of three groups for three weeks as follows (n = 10\u201311\/group): (1) NR (control): basal diet without IAA restriction; (2) R50: basal diet with IAA restricted by 50%; (3) R75: basal diet with IAA restricted by 75%. IAA were alanine (Ala), arginine (Arg), isoleucine (Ile), leucine (Leu), lysine (Lys), threonine (Thr), phenylalanine (Phe), and valine (Val) as suggested by previous studies. Thermal images, body weight, and growth parameters were recorded weekly, oral glucose tolerance tests were performed on week 2 of the study, and blood and tissue samples were collected on week 3 after a meal test. Results: R75 improved glucose tolerance and, together with R50, reduced blood insulin concentration and homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) value, which is suggestive of improved insulin sensitivity following IAA restriction. R75 increased thermal radiation and decreased adipocyte number in white adipose tissue (WAT). R75 had a greater transcript of glucose transporter 1 (GLUT1), phosphofructokinase, liver type (PFKL), and pyruvate kinase, liver, and RBC (PKLR) in the liver and glucokinase (GCK) in WAT indicating a higher uptake of glucose in the liver and greater glycolysis in both liver and WAT. R75 increased the mRNA abundance of insulin receptor substrate 1 (IRS1) and protein kinase B (AKT1) in skeletal muscle suggestive of enhanced insulin signaling. Further, R75 had a higher mRNA of fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF-21) in both the liver and hypothalamus and its upstream molecules such as activating transcription factor 4 (ATF4) and inhibin subunit beta E (INHBE) which may contribute to increased energy expenditure and improved glucose tolerance during IAA restriction. Conclusions: IAA restriction improves glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity in piglets while not reducing body weight, likely through improved hepatic glycolysis and insulin signaling in skeletal muscle, and induced FGF-21 signaling in both the liver and hypothalamus.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu17101675","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,15]],"date-time":"2025-05-15T04:39:16Z","timestamp":1747283956000},"page":"1675","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Dietary Insulinogenic Amino Acid Restriction Improves Glucose Metabolism in a Neonatal Piglet Model"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4691-0021","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matthew W.","family":"Gorton","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Parniyan","family":"Goodarzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xia","family":"Lei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1903-5735","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael","family":"Anderson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Oklahoma State University Center for Health Sciences, Tulsa, OK 74107, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0779-1445","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohammad","family":"Habibi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nedra","family":"Wilson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Oklahoma State University Center for Health Sciences, Tulsa, OK 74107, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8341-7682","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adel","family":"Pezeshki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"NCD Risk Factor Collaboration (NCD-RisC) (2017). 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