{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]],"date-time":"2026-07-31T18:26:39Z","timestamp":1785522399798,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,15]],"date-time":"2025-05-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1747267200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Key Project of Medical Science of Guangzhou","award":["2025-2027-12"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025-2027-12"]}]},{"name":"Key Project of Medical Science of Guangzhou","award":["2024A03J0558"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024A03J0558"]}]},{"name":"The Basic Research Project of Guangzhou Key Laboratory","award":["2025-2027-12"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025-2027-12"]}]},{"name":"The Basic Research Project of Guangzhou Key Laboratory","award":["2024A03J0558"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024A03J0558"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) is a chronic hepatic condition marked by lipid buildup, lipotoxicity, and inflammation. Prior research indicates that 3,3\u2032-Diindolemethane (DIM), a natural indole-type phytochemical that is abundant in brassicaceae vegetables, has been reported to reduce body weight and improve lipid metabolism in mice subjected to a high-fat diet (HFD). The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR), a nuclear receptor implicated in lipid metabolism and immune regulation, serves as a functional receptor for DIM. However, the underlying signaling pathways that regulate MAFLD remain elusive. Our objective is to ascertain the beneficial impact of DIM on MAFLD and the associated mechanisms. Methods: Hematoxylin and eosin staining, together with Oil Red O staining, were utilized to assess the pathological changes and lipid deposition in the liver. Biochemical analysis was employed to measure levels of triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (TC), free fatty acid (FFA), aspartate transaminase (AST), alanine transaminase (ALT), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C). The cell survival rate of HepG2 cells treated with palmitic acid (PA) and DIM was assessed using the CCK-8 assay. Flow cytometry was employed to measure the fluorescence intensity emitted by lipid droplets within cells. Western blotting analysis was performed to assess AhR pathway and fatty acid transporter expression levels in hepatic tissue. Results: Our results showed that DIM significantly attenuated body weight gain and hepatic injury brought on by HFD, decreased lipid droplet accumulation in HepG2 cells, and effectively suppressed the phosphorylation of p38 MAPK and the protein expression levels of fatty acid transporters CD36 and FATP4. Conclusions: DIM reduced lipid accumulation by activating AhR and suppressing p38 MAPK phosphorylation, thereby inhibiting fatty acid transport and inflammatory responses. These findings suggest that DIM may represent a promising therapeutic candidate for MAFLD, warranting further exploration for clinical applications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu17101681","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,15]],"date-time":"2025-05-15T06:59:16Z","timestamp":1747292356000},"page":"1681","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["3,3\u2032-Diindolylmethane Ameliorates Metabolism Dysfunction-Associated Fatty Liver Disease via AhR\/p38 MAPK Signaling"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-0875-9860","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jiewen","family":"Su","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China"},{"name":"Department of Scientific Research, Guangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Guangzhou Health Supervision Institute), Guangzhou 510405, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Heng","family":"Fang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China"},{"name":"Department of Scientific Research, Guangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Guangzhou Health Supervision Institute), Guangzhou 510405, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yunfeng","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yilu","family":"Yao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Basic Medicine and Public Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yanxi","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511436, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuquan","family":"Zhong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511436, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2392-1227","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xudong","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Scientific Research, Guangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Guangzhou Health Supervision Institute), Guangzhou 510405, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Siyu","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bing","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Scientific Research, Guangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Guangzhou Health Supervision Institute), Guangzhou 510405, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guangyu","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Scientific Research, Guangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Guangzhou Health Supervision Institute), Guangzhou 510405, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenxue","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Scientific Research, Guangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Guangzhou Health Supervision Institute), Guangzhou 510405, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Scientific Research, Guangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Guangzhou Health Supervision Institute), Guangzhou 510405, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juntao","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Scientific Research, Guangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Guangzhou Health Supervision Institute), Guangzhou 510405, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jinyin","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Scientific Research, Guangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Guangzhou Health Supervision Institute), Guangzhou 510405, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Weiwen","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Scientific Research, Guangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Guangzhou Health Supervision Institute), Guangzhou 510405, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6527-6436","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qiansheng","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China"},{"name":"Department of Scientific Research, Guangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Guangzhou Health Supervision Institute), Guangzhou 510405, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5796-4167","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wei","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China"},{"name":"Department of Scientific Research, Guangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Guangzhou Health Supervision Institute), Guangzhou 510405, 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