{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,25]],"date-time":"2026-10-25T05:59:01Z","timestamp":1792907941048,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":79,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,19]],"date-time":"2025-05-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1747612800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Beetroot juice (BJ), a natural source of dietary nitrate, has gained increasing attention for its potential to improve exercise performance and cardiovascular function. While its benefits are well documented in endurance contexts, less is known about its short-term effects on resistance training performance and recovery. Thus, this study investigated the effects of short-term BJ supplementation on strength performance, cardiovascular responses, muscle oxygenation, and post-exercise recovery in resistance-trained males. Methods: Twelve healthy men (age: 21.3 \u00b1 1.9 years; body mass index: 21.42 \u00b1 2.36 kg\/m2) completed two supplementation protocols involving BJ, providing 450 mg of nitrate per day, and a nitrate-free placebo (PLA). Each protocol consisted of two laboratory visits, one to assess the acute ergogenic effects and another to evaluate recovery after 72 h, resulting in a total of four sessions over a two-week period. During the three consecutive days of supplementation, participants ingested a single 900 mL dose (15 g BJ powder\/PLA) 2 h before the first session, followed by three daily 300 mL doses (5 g BJ each\/PLA) over the next two days, and a final dose (15 g BJ powder\/PLA) taken 2 h before the second session (72 h post-first session). Each testing session involved incremental back squat (BS) and bench press (BP) exercises at 60%, 70%, and 80% of the one-repetition maximum (1RM) performed to failure, with three-minute rest intervals between sets. Repetition to failure, movement velocity, peak power, peak heart rate (HR), and muscle oxygenation (SmO2) were recorded during BP and BS exercises. Heart rate variability (HRV) and blood lactate were assessed before and after each training session. Lower-limb strength (CMJ and SJ) and delayed-onset muscle soreness (DOMS) were assessed daily during the 3-day supplementation period. Results: BJ significantly increased repetitions completed at 80% 1RM during BP and BS (p &lt; 0.05) compared to the PLA. Peak movement velocity improved across all intensities using BJ with higher values compared to the PLA at 60\u201380% 1RM (p &lt; 0.05). SmO2 was higher in BJ at 70\u201380% 1RM) and further improved after 72 h of BJ supplementation (p &lt; 0.05). Cardiovascular strain was reduced in BJ, evidenced by lower peak HRs and smaller post-exercise declines in HRV indices (p &lt; 0.05). Post-exercise recovery favored BJ, with faster recovery in jump performance at 24 h and reduced upper-limb DOMS at 24\u201348 h (p &lt; 0.05). Conclusions: Short-term BJ supplementation enhances high-intensity resistance performance, improves muscle oxygenation, attenuates cardiovascular strain, and accelerates neuromuscular recovery. These benefits highlight its potential as a practical strategy for athletes seeking to optimize training performance and recovery during periods of intense resistance training.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu17101720","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,19]],"date-time":"2025-05-19T11:54:26Z","timestamp":1747655666000},"page":"1720","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Short-Term Beetroot Juice Supplementation Enhances Strength, Reduces Fatigue, and Promotes Recovery in Physically Active Individuals: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Crossover Trial"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Atef","family":"Salem","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"High Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax 3000, Tunisia"},{"name":"Department of Training and Movement Science, Institute of Sport Science, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, 55122 Mainz, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0347-8053","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Achraf","family":"Ammar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"High Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax 3000, Tunisia"},{"name":"Department of Training and Movement Science, Institute of Sport Science, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, 55122 Mainz, Germany"},{"name":"Research Laboratory, Molecular Bases of Human Pathology, LR19ES13, Faculty of Medicine of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax 3000, Tunisia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-2463-9004","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohamed","family":"Kerkeni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"High Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax 3000, Tunisia"},{"name":"Research Laboratory, Education, Motricity, Sport and Health, EM2S, LR19JS01, High Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax 3000, Tunisia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohamed Ali","family":"Boujelbane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"High Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax 3000, Tunisia"},{"name":"Department of Training and Movement Science, Institute of Sport Science, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, 55122 Mainz, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ayse Merve","family":"Uyar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Training and Movement Science, Institute of Sport Science, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, 55122 Mainz, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-0498-9182","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Leonard Moritz","family":"K\u00f6bel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Training and Movement Science, Institute of Sport Science, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, 55122 Mainz, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Saranya","family":"Selvaraj","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Applied Sciences, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Gangodawila, Nugegoda, Colombo 10250, Sri Lanka"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2159-5782","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Reza","family":"Zare","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"SRH Campus Hamburg, SRH University of Applied Sciences Heidelberg, 20095 Hamburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6837-408X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katie M.","family":"Heinrich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Kinesiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA"},{"name":"Department of Research and Evaluation, The Phoenix, Denver, CO 80205, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8990-1320","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Haitham","family":"Jahrami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Government Hospitals, Manama P.O. Box 12, Bahrain"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Arabian Gulf University, Manama P.O. Box 26671, Bahrain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Slim","family":"Tounsi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Biopesticides (LBPES), Center of Biotechnology of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax 3000, Tunisia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5570-9573","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Piotr","family":"Zmijewski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, Jozef Pilsudski University of Physical Education in Warsaw, 00-809 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4558-1991","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wolfgang I.","family":"Sch\u00f6llhorn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Training and Movement Science, Institute of Sport Science, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, 55122 Mainz, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2623-9557","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Khaled","family":"Trabelsi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"High Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax 3000, Tunisia"},{"name":"Research Laboratory, Education, Motricity, Sport and Health, EM2S, LR19JS01, High Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax 3000, Tunisia"},{"name":"Department of Movement Sciences and Sports Training, School of Sport Science, The University of Jordan, Amman 11942, Jordan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5482-9151","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hamdi","family":"Chtourou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"High Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax 3000, Tunisia"},{"name":"Research Unit, Physical Activity, Sport, and Health, UR18JS01, National Observatory of Sport, Tunis 1003, Tunisia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stoica, F., R\u00e2peanu, G., Ra\u021bu, R.N., St\u0103nciuc, N., Croitoru, C., \u021aopa, D., and Jit\u0103reanu, G. (2025). Red Beetroot and Its By-Products: A Comprehensive Review of Phytochemicals, Extraction Methods, Health Benefits, and Applications. Agriculture, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/agriculture15030270"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dom\u00ednguez, R., Cuenca, E., Mat\u00e9-Mu\u00f1oz, J.L., Garc\u00eda-Fern\u00e1ndez, P., Serra-Paya, N., Estevan, M.C.L., Herreros, P.V., and Garnacho-Casta\u00f1o, M.V. (2017). Effects of beetroot juice supplementation on cardiorespiratory endurance in athletes. A systematic review. Nutrients, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu9010043"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1038\/nrd2466","article-title":"The nitrate\u2013nitrite\u2013nitric oxide pathway in physiology and therapeutics","volume":"7","author":"Lundberg","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Drug Discov."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00046.2010","article-title":"Dietary nitrate supplementation enhances muscle contractile efficiency during knee-extensor exercise in humans","volume":"109","author":"Bailey","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2012.243121","article-title":"Impact of dietary nitrate supplementation via beetroot juice on exercising muscle vascular control in rats","volume":"591","author":"Ferguson","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tan, R., Pennell, A., Karl, S.T., Cass, J.K., Go, K., Clifford, T., Bailey, S.J., and Perkins Storm, C. (2023). Effects of dietary nitrate supplementation on back squat and bench press performance: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Nutrients, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15112493"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3520","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0000000000001437","article-title":"Ingestion of a nitric oxide enhancing supplement improves resistance exercise performance","volume":"30","author":"Mosher","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Strength Cond. Res."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1080\/07315724.2015.1081572","article-title":"The effects of nitrate-rich supplementation on neuromuscular efficiency during heavy resistance exercise","volume":"35","author":"Flanagan","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"818","DOI":"10.3945\/jn.112.170233","article-title":"Inorganic nitrate and beetroot juice supplementation reduces blood pressure in adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"143","author":"Siervo","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1125","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0b013e31821597b4","article-title":"Acute dietary nitrate supplementation improves cycling time trial performance","volume":"43","author":"Lansley","year":"2011","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Sports Exerc."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ranchal-Sanchez, A., Diaz-Bernier, V.M., De La Florida-Villagran, C.A., Llorente-Cantarero, F.J., Campos-Perez, J., and Jurado-Castro, J.M. (2020). Acute effects of beetroot juice supplements on resistance training: A randomized double-blind crossover. Nutrients, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12071912"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsams.2020.05.018","article-title":"Beetroot juice supplementation increases concentric and eccentric muscle power output","volume":"24","author":"Castillo","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Sci. Med. Sport"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rael, B., Alfaro-Magallanes, V.M., Romero-Parra, N., Castro, E.A., Cupeiro, R., Janse de Jonge, X.A., Wehrwein, E.A., Peinado, A.B., and Group, I.S. (2021). Menstrual cycle phases influence on cardiorespiratory response to exercise in endurance-trained females. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18030860"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"924","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0000000000003509","article-title":"Effect of acute beetroot juice supplementation on bench press power, velocity, and repetition volume","volume":"34","author":"Williams","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Strength Cond. Res."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jurado-Castro, J.M., Casanova-Rodriguez, D., Campos-Perez, J., Llorente-Cantarero, F.J., De La Florida-Villagran, C.A., Diaz-Bernier, V.M., and Ranchal-Sanchez, A. (2022). Beetroot Juice Produces Changes in Heart Rate Variability and Reduces Internal Load during Resistance Training in Men: A Randomized Double-Blind Crossover. Nutrients, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14235119"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1531","DOI":"10.3892\/etm.2016.3104","article-title":"The role of heart rate variability in sports physiology","volume":"11","author":"Dong","year":"2016","journal-title":"Exp. Ther. Med."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tekin, R.T., Kudas, S., Buran, M.M., Cabuk, S., Akbasli, O., Uludag, V., and Yosmaoglu, H.B. (2025). The relationship between resting heart rate variability and sportive performance, sleep and body awareness in soccer players. BMC Sports Sci. Med. Rehabil., 17.","DOI":"10.1186\/s13102-025-01093-7"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Olas, B. (2024). The cardioprotective role of nitrate-rich vegetables. Foods, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods13050691"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1453","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2021.08.003","article-title":"Exercise-induced cardiovascular adaptations and approach to exercise and cardiovascular disease: JACC state-of-the-art review","volume":"78","author":"Martinez","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"1","article-title":"ASEP procedures recommendation I: Accurate assessment of muscular strength and power","volume":"4","author":"Brown","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Exerc. Physiol. Online"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1099","DOI":"10.1080\/02640414.2015.1090010","article-title":"Movement velocity as a measure of exercise intensity in three lower limb exercises","volume":"34","author":"Fernandes","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Sports Sci."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0030-1248333","article-title":"Movement velocity as a measure of loading intensity in resistance training","volume":"31","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2387","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-017-3725-7","article-title":"Time course of recovery following resistance training leading or not to failure","volume":"117","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1080\/02640414.2014.944559","article-title":"Temporal specificity of training: Intra-day effects on biochemical responses and Olympic-Weightlifting performances","volume":"33","author":"Ammar","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Sports Sci."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ammar, A., Turki, M., Chtourou, H., Hammouda, O., Trabelsi, K., Kallel, C., Abdelkarim, O., Hoekelmann, A., Bouaziz, M., and Ayadi, F. (2016). Pomegranate supplementation accelerates recovery of muscle damage and soreness and inflammatory markers after a weightlifting training session. PLoS ONE, 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0160305"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1201","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114518002696","article-title":"Effects of pomegranate supplementation on exercise performance and post-exercise recovery in healthy adults: A systematic review","volume":"120","author":"Ammar","year":"2018","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0000000000001481","article-title":"Effect of time-of-day on biochemical markers in response to physical exercise","volume":"31","author":"Ammar","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Strength Cond. Res."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1123\/ijsnem.2018-0223","article-title":"What is in your beet juice? Nitrate and nitrite content of beet juice products marketed to athletes","volume":"29","author":"Gallardo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Sport Nutr. Exerc. Metab."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1016\/j.niox.2008.08.003","article-title":"The increase in plasma nitrite after a dietary nitrate load is markedly attenuated by an antibacterial mouthwash","volume":"19","author":"Govoni","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nitric Oxide"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"759","DOI":"10.1080\/02640410902838237","article-title":"Urinary creatine and methylamine excretion following 4 \u00d7 5g\u00b7day\u22121 or 20 \u00d7 1g\u00b7day\u22121 of creatine monohydrate for 5 days","volume":"27","author":"Sale","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Sports Sci."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.21831\/jk.v10i2.50764","article-title":"Development of physical fitness test for mild intellectual disabilities aged 13-15 years","volume":"10","author":"Sumaryanti","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Keolahragaan"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0000000000004207","article-title":"Validity and test-retest reliability of the Vmaxpro sensor for evaluation of movement velocity in the deep squat","volume":"37","author":"Feuerbacher","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Strength Cond. Res."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vondrasek, J.D., Riemann, B.L., Grosicki, G.J., and Flatt, A.A. (2024). Validity and efficacy of the elite HRV smartphone application during slow-paced breathing. Sensors, 23.","DOI":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-3139466\/v1"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-201x.2000.00713.x","article-title":"Near-infrared spectroscopy for monitoring muscle oxygenation","volume":"168","author":"Boushel","year":"2000","journal-title":"Acta Physiol. Scand."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1037","DOI":"10.1080\/17461391.2017.1330899","article-title":"Validity and reliability of the Moxy oxygen monitor during incremental cycling exercise","volume":"17","author":"Crum","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. J. Sport Sci."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e11099","DOI":"10.2196\/11099","article-title":"Assessing the validity of the MyJUMP2 app for measuring different jumps in professional cerebral palsy football players: An experimental study","volume":"7","author":"Coswig","year":"2019","journal-title":"JMIR mHealth uHealth"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsm.34.1.35","article-title":"A comparison of lactate concentration in plasma collected from the toe, ear, and fingertip after a simulated rowing exercise","volume":"34","author":"Forsyth","year":"2000","journal-title":"Br. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"558","DOI":"10.1177\/193229680700100414","article-title":"Blood lactate measurements and analysis during exercise: A guide for clinicians","volume":"1","author":"Goodwin","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Diabetes Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1042\/cs0640055","article-title":"Pain and fatigue after concentric and eccentric muscle contractions","volume":"64","author":"Newham","year":"1983","journal-title":"Clin. Sci."},{"key":"ref_40","unstructured":"R Core Team, R. (2020). R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing, R Core Team."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cohen, J. (2013). Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences, Routledge.","DOI":"10.4324\/9780203771587"},{"key":"ref_42","first-page":"321","article-title":"A scale of magnitudes for effect statistics","volume":"502","author":"Hopkins","year":"2002","journal-title":"New View Stat."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kassambara, A. (2019). rstatix: Pipe-Friendly Framework for Basic Statistical Tests, CRAN.","DOI":"10.32614\/CRAN.package.rstatix"},{"key":"ref_44","unstructured":"Singmann, H., Bolker, B., Westfall, J., and Aust, F. (2016). afex: Analysis of Factorial Experiments, version 0.16-1, CRAN."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v069.i01","article-title":"Least-squares means: The R package lsmeans","volume":"69","author":"Lenth","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Stat. Softw."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wickham, H. (2016). ggplot2: Elegant Graphics for Data Analysis, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-24277-4_9"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1139\/apnm-2021-0563","article-title":"Potential effect of beetroot juice supplementation on exercise economy in well-trained females","volume":"47","author":"Forbes","year":"2022","journal-title":"Appl. Physiol. Nutr. Metab."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59096","DOI":"10.12775\/QS.2025.39.59096","article-title":"Beetroot Juice as a Natural Ergogenic Supplement: A Literature Review of Its Effects on Physical Performance and Training Adaptation","volume":"39","author":"Popiel","year":"2025","journal-title":"Qual. Sport"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dumar, A.M., Huntington, A.F., Rogers, R.R., Kopec, T.J., Williams, T.D., and Ballmann, C.G. (2021). Acute beetroot juice supplementation attenuates morning-associated decrements in supramaximal exercise performance in trained sprinters. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18020412"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mueller, B.J., Roberts, M.D., Mobley, C.B., Judd, R.L., and Kavazis, A.N. (2024). Nitric oxide in exercise physiology: Past and present perspectives. Front. Physiol., 15.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2024.1504978"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1007\/s00424-013-1220-5","article-title":"Influence of dietary nitrate supplementation on human skeletal muscle metabolism and force production during maximum voluntary contractions","volume":"465","author":"Fulford","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pflugers Arch."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1665","DOI":"10.1113\/JP280913","article-title":"Inhaled nitric oxide improves ventilatory efficiency and exercise capacity in patients with mild COPD: A randomized-control cross-over trial","volume":"599","author":"Phillips","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Garnacho-Casta\u00f1o, M.V., S\u00e1nchez-Nu\u00f1o, S., Molina-Raya, L., Carbonell, T., Mat\u00e9-Mu\u00f1oz, J.L., Pleguezuelos-Cobo, E., and Serra-Pay\u00e1, N. (2022). Circulating nitrate-nitrite reduces oxygen uptake for improving resistance exercise performance after rest time in well-trained CrossFit athletes. Sci. Rep., 12.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-13786-x"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1002\/j.2040-4603.2015.tb00604.x","article-title":"Human cardiovascular responses to passive heat stress","volume":"5","author":"Crandall","year":"2015","journal-title":"Compr. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_55","unstructured":"Yuschen, X., Choi, J.-H., Seo, J., Sun, Y., Lee, E., Kim, S.-W., and Park, H.-Y. (2020). Effects of acute beetroot juice supplementation and exercise on cardiovascular function in healthy men in preliminary study: A randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled, and crossover trial. Healthcare, 8."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2009.11.006","article-title":"Dietary nitrate reduces maximal oxygen consumption while maintaining work performance in maximal exercise","volume":"48","author":"Larsen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-nutr-082117-051622","article-title":"Dietary nitrate and physical performance","volume":"38","author":"Jones","year":"2018","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6406","DOI":"10.1002\/fsn3.2577","article-title":"Beetroot as a functional food with huge health benefits: Antioxidant, antitumor, physical function, and chronic metabolomics activity","volume":"9","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"749","DOI":"10.1080\/19390211.2021.1939472","article-title":"The effect of nitrate-rich beetroot juice on markers of exercise-induced muscle damage: A systematic review and meta-analysis of human intervention trials","volume":"19","author":"Jones","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Diet. Suppl."},{"key":"ref_60","unstructured":"Ramanlal, R., and Gupta, V. (2025). Physiology, Vasodilation. StatPearls, StatPearls Publishing LLC."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Benjamim, C.J.R., de Sousa J\u00fanior, F.W., Porto, A.A., Andrade, C.V.G., de Figueiredo, M.\u00cd.L.S., Benjamim, C.J.R., da Silva Rodrigues, G., Rocha, E.M.B., Cavalcante, T.F., and Garner, D.M. (2023). Negligible Effects of Nutraceuticals from Beetroot Extract on Cardiovascular and Autonomic Recovery Response following Submaximal Aerobic Exercise in Physically Active Healthy Males: A Randomized Trial. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph20054019"},{"key":"ref_62","first-page":"375","article-title":"The Effect of Different Resistance Training Protocols on Cardiac Autonomic Modulation During Exercise Recovery: A Crossover, Randomized, and Controlled Pilot Study","volume":"3","author":"Gobbo","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Vasc. Dis."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1080\/07315724.2020.1735571","article-title":"Chronic Beetroot Juice Supplementation Accelerates Recovery Kinetics following Simulated Match Play in Soccer Players","volume":"40","author":"Daab","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hemmatinafar, M., Zaremoayedi, L., Koushkie Jahromi, M., Alvarez-Alvarado, S., Wong, A., Niknam, A., Suzuki, K., Imanian, B., and Bagheri, R. (2023). Effect of beetroot juice supplementation on muscle soreness and performance recovery after exercise-induced muscle damage in female volleyball players. Nutrients, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15173763"},{"key":"ref_65","first-page":"207","article-title":"An analysis of health benefits of beetroot","volume":"9","author":"Varshney","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Innov. Res. Eng. Manag."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1186\/s12970-021-00450-4","article-title":"The effects of dietary nitrate supplementation on endurance exercise performance and cardiorespiratory measures in healthy adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"18","author":"Gao","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Int. Soc. Sports Nutr."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"556","DOI":"10.1177\/19417381211036412","article-title":"Effects of Beetroot Supplementation on Recovery After Exercise-Induced Muscle Damage: A Systematic Review","volume":"14","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sports Health"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2334680","DOI":"10.1080\/15502783.2024.2334680","article-title":"Acute effects of various doses of nitrate-rich beetroot juice on high-intensity interval exercise responses in women: A randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled, crossover trial","volume":"21","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Int. Soc. Sports Nutr."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Martinez, R.M., Melo, C.P.B., Pinto, I.C., Mendes-Pierotti, S., Vignoli, J.A., Verri, W.A., and Casagrande, R. (2024). Betalains: A Narrative Review on Pharmacological Mechanisms Supporting the Nutraceutical Potential Towards Health Benefits. Foods, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods13233909"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Esen, O., Dom\u00ednguez, R., and Karayigit, R. (2022). Acute Beetroot Juice Supplementation Enhances Intermittent Running Performance but Does Not Reduce Oxygen Cost of Exercise among Recreational Adults. Nutrients, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14142839"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1515\/REVEH.2001.16.2.105","article-title":"Nitrate exposure and endogenous formation of carcinogenic nitrosamines in humans","volume":"16","author":"Vermeer","year":"2001","journal-title":"Rev. Environ. Health"},{"key":"ref_72","unstructured":"IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans (2010). Ingested Nitrate and Nitrite, and Cyanobacterial Peptide Toxins. IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, International Agency for Research on Cancer."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Macuh, M., and Knap, B. (2021). Effects of Nitrate Supplementation on Exercise Performance in Humans: A Narrative Review. Nutrients, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13093183"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Karwowska, M., and Kononiuk, A. (2020). Nitrates\/Nitrites in Food-Risk for Nitrosative Stress and Benefits. Antioxidants, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox9030241"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1186\/s12940-019-0525-z","article-title":"Impact of high drinking water nitrate levels on the endogenous formation of apparent N-nitroso compounds in combination with meat intake in healthy volunteers","volume":"18","author":"Mathijs","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Health"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Berends, J.E., van den Berg, L.M., Guggeis, M.A., Henckens, N.F., Hossein, I.J., de Joode, M.E., Zamani, H., van Pelt, K.A., Beelen, N.A., and Kuhnle, G.G. (2019). Consumption of nitrate-rich beetroot juice with or without vitamin C supplementation increases the excretion of urinary nitrate, nitrite, and N-nitroso compounds in humans. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20092277"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"830","DOI":"10.3945\/an.117.016717","article-title":"The nitrate-independent blood pressure\u2013lowering effect of beetroot juice: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"8","author":"Bahadoran","year":"2017","journal-title":"Adv. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ward, M.H., Jones, R.R., Brender, J.D., De Kok, T.M., Weyer, P.J., Nolan, B.T., Villanueva, C.M., and Van Breda, S.G. (2018). Drinking water nitrate and human health: An updated review. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph15071557"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"788","DOI":"10.1080\/10408398.2020.1746629","article-title":"The benefits and risks of beetroot juice consumption: A systematic review","volume":"61","author":"Zamani","year":"2021","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr."}],"container-title":["Nutrients"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/17\/10\/1720\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T17:35:24Z","timestamp":1760031324000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/17\/10\/1720"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,19]]},"references-count":79,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5]]}},"alternative-id":["nu17101720"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu17101720","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6643"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6643","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,19]]}}}