{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]],"date-time":"2026-06-30T14:08:32Z","timestamp":1782828512169,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,24]],"date-time":"2025-05-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1748044800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Science Foundation of Shandong Province","award":["SZR2466"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SZR2466"]}]},{"name":"National Science Foundation of Shandong Province","award":["514-1420707"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["514-1420707"]}]},{"name":"Discipline Construction, University of Jinan","award":["SZR2466"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SZR2466"]}]},{"name":"Discipline Construction, University of Jinan","award":["514-1420707"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["514-1420707"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The purpose of this paper is to comprehensively review the research progress of nattokinase in lowering blood lipid, including its source, structure and physicochemical properties, mechanisms of functions, clinical research status, and safety considerations, so as to provide reference for further research on the application of nattokinase in the treatment of dyslipidemia. Natto is a traditional Japanese fermented food, which is made from soybeans fermented by Bacillus natto. During the fermentation process, natto will produce a variety of biologically active substances, including nattokinase. Nattokinase (NK) is a serine protease with stable enzyme activity and good freeze\u2013thaw tolerance, which exerts lipid-lowering and anti-atherosclerotic effects by activating hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL), inhibiting hydroxymethylglutaryl monoacyl coenzyme A reductase (HMG-CoA reductase), and enhancing lipoprotein lipase (LPL) activity. Large-scale clinical trials have confirmed that nattokinase significantly improves the lipid profile and reduces the atherosclerotic plaque area and intima-media thickness with a favorable safety profile. Compared with traditional lipid-lowering drugs (e.g., statins and fibrates), nattokinase has a multifaceted lipid-lowering mechanism and lower risk of side effects, which makes it suitable for patients intolerant of traditional drugs; when combined with natural products such as statins, fibrates, red yeast, and lifestyle interventions, it can play a synergistic role and further reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease. There are various types of nattokinase preparations on the market, and consumers should choose regular products with high activity and purity, and pay attention to their safety and applicable population.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu17111784","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,25]],"date-time":"2025-05-25T20:16:22Z","timestamp":1748204182000},"page":"1784","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Research Progress of Nattokinase in Reducing Blood Lipid"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Chuyang","family":"Wei","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biological Science and Technology, University of Jinan, Jinan 250024, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ruitao","family":"Cai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biological Science and Technology, University of Jinan, Jinan 250024, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yingte","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biological Science and Technology, University of Jinan, Jinan 250024, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaoyong","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biological Science and Technology, University of Jinan, Jinan 250024, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hui-Lian","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biological Science and Technology, University of Jinan, Jinan 250024, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"(China Food News, 2023). Diet-Related Mortality from Cardiovascular Disease Rises Sharply, China Food News."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"(2023). China Cardiovascular Health and Disease Report 2021 (Coronary Heart Disease Section). J. Cardiopulm. Vasc. Dis., 42, 1191\u20131198."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1753-4887.1987.tb02699.x","article-title":"Fat Transport in Lipoproteins-an Integrated Approach to Mechanisms and Disorders","volume":"45","author":"Fredrickson","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nutr. Rev."},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"231","article-title":"Machine Learning Prediction of Cardiovascular Risk in Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus Using Radiomics Features from Multimodal Retinal Images","volume":"35","author":"Romero","year":"2025","journal-title":"arXiv"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3478","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/eht273","article-title":"Familial Hypercholesterolaemia Is Underdiagnosed and Undertreated in the General Population: Guidance for Clinicians to Prevent Coronary Heart Disease: Consensus Statement of the European Atherosclerosis Society","volume":"34","author":"Nordestgaard","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"e1082","article-title":"Guideline on the Management of Blood Cholesterol: A Report of the American College of Cardiology\/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines","volume":"139","author":"Grundy","year":"2019","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kimura, A., Kuwazawa, S., Wada, Y., Kyutoku, Y., Okamoto, M., Yamaguchi, Y., Masuda, T., and Dan, I. (2011). Conjoint Analysis on the Purchase Intent for Traditional Fermented Soy Product (Natto) among Japanese Housewives. J. Food Sci., 76.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1750-3841.2011.02047.x"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1110","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01956052","article-title":"A Novel Fibrinolytic Enzyme (Nattokinase) in the Vegetable Cheese Natto; a Typical and Popular Soybean Food in the Japanese Diet","volume":"43","author":"Sumi","year":"1987","journal-title":"Experientia"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1177\/1177271918785130","article-title":"Nattokinase: A Promising Alternative in Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular Diseases","volume":"13","author":"Chen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biomark. Insights"},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"(2013). A Pilot Study on the Serum Pharmacokinetics of Nattokinase in Humans Following a Single, Oral, Daily Dose. Altern. Ther. Health Med., 19, 16\u201319."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1016\/S0899-9007(02)00853-5","article-title":"Dietary Supplementation with Fermented Soybeans Suppresses Intimal Thickening","volume":"19","author":"Suzuki","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nutrition"},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"Yu, X.M. (2022). Construction of Highly Active and Stable Recombinant Nattokinase Based on Free Energy Computational Design. [Master\u2019s Thesis, Liaoning University]."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6968.2011.02423.x","article-title":"Directed Evolution Improves the Fibrinolytic Activity of Nattokinase from Bacillus Natto","volume":"325","author":"Cai","year":"2011","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1566","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbapap.2009.07.007","article-title":"Enhancement of Oxidative Stability of the Subtilisin Nattokinase by Site-Directed Mutagenesis Expressed in Escherichia Coli","volume":"1794","author":"Weng","year":"2009","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta (BBA)\u2014Proteins Proteom."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"580","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2015.08.063","article-title":"Improving the Activity of the Subtilisin Nattokinase by Site-Directed Mutagenesis and Molecular Dynamics Simulation","volume":"465","author":"Weng","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8170","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2008.03.018","article-title":"Optimization of Media Composition for Nattokinase Production by Bacillus Subtilis Using Response Surface Methodology","volume":"99","author":"Deepak","year":"2008","journal-title":"Bioresour. Technol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molcatb.2009.10.009","article-title":"Conjugation of Nattokinase and Lumbrukinase with Magnetic Nanoparticles for the Assay of Their Thrombolytic Activities","volume":"62","author":"Ren","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Mol. Catal. B Enzym."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6644","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2009.06.057","article-title":"Purification, Immobilization, and Characterization of Nattokinase on PHB Nanoparticles","volume":"100","author":"Deepak","year":"2009","journal-title":"Bioresour. Technol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"418","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2014.01.034","article-title":"Preparation of the Antithrombotic and Antimicrobial Coating through Layer-by-Layer Self-Assembly of Nattokinase-Nanosilver Complex and Polyethylenimine","volume":"116","author":"Liu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Colloids Surf. B Biointerfaces"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fujita, M., Nomura, K., Hong, K., Ito, Y., Asada, A., and Nishimuro, S. (1993). Purification and characterization of a strong fibrinolytic enzyme (nattokinase) in the vegetable cheese natto, a popular soybean fermented food in Japan. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 197.","DOI":"10.1006\/bbrc.1993.2624"},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"201","article-title":"Advances in Natto and Bacillus Subtilis Research","volume":"47","author":"Yang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chin. Seas."},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"171","article-title":"Response Surface Methodology to Investigate the Retention Conditions of Nattokinase Activity and the Protective Effect of Enterosoluble Capsules","volume":"35","author":"Zhu","year":"2024","journal-title":"China Food Addit."},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"Wang, R. (2023). Immobilization Studies of Nattokinase, Jilin University."},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"183","article-title":"Optimization of Nattokinase Fermentation Medium by Response Surface Methodology","volume":"41","author":"Pan","year":"2022","journal-title":"China Brew."},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"Zhou, Y. (2022). Purification and Characterization of Fibrinolytic Enzymes from Bacillus Cereus and Evaluation of Thrombolytic Effect In Vitro and In Vivo. [Ph.D. Thesis, Guangxi University]."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, D., Hou, L., Hu, M., Gao, Y., Tian, Z., Fan, B., Li, S., and Wang, F. (2022). Recent Advances in Nattokinase-Enriched Fermented Soybean Foods: A Review. Foods, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods11131867"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1007\/s12602-017-9382-7","article-title":"Strain Screening from Traditional Fermented Soybean Foods and Induction of Nattokinase Production in Bacillus Subtilis MX-6","volume":"11","author":"Man","year":"2019","journal-title":"Probiotics Antimicro. Prot."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"930","DOI":"10.1111\/1751-7915.13298","article-title":"Stepwise Modifications of Genetic Parts Reinforce the Secretory Production of Nattokinase in Bacillus Subtilis","volume":"11","author":"Cui","year":"2018","journal-title":"Microb. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"368","article-title":"Effect of Paeoniflorin-Regulated miR-24 Expression on Atherosclerotic Plaque Formation and Oxidative Stress in ApoE-\/-Mice","volume":"45","author":"Xing","year":"2025","journal-title":"Chin. J. Gerontol."},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"138","article-title":"Random Forest-Based Risk Identification Model for Coronary Artery Stenosis","volume":"46","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Sun Yat-Sen Univ. (Med. Sci. Ed.)"},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"40","article-title":"Improvement of Cardiac Function and Serum Indices in Patients with Coronary Artery Disease with Hyperlipidemia Treated with Rosuvastatin","volume":"9","author":"Liu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Electron. J. Mod. Med. Health Res."},{"key":"ref_32","first-page":"100","article-title":"What Is the Relationship between Fatty Liver and Metabolic Syndrome","volume":"40","author":"Qian","year":"2024","journal-title":"Fam. Life Guide"},{"key":"ref_33","unstructured":"(2021). Overview of the China Cardiovascular Health and Disease Report 2020. China Cardiovasc. Dis. Res., 19, 9."},{"key":"ref_34","unstructured":"Wang, R., Yan, Q., Dong, Y., Lv, X., Tang, X., Li, X., and Niu, Y. (2023). Nutritional Patterns and Nutrients Associated with Dyslipidemia in U.S. Adults: 2011\u20132018 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) Data (in English). Abstract Book of the 14th Asian Congress of Nutrition--Public Nutrition & Health, Asian Federation of Nutrition Societies, Chinese Nutrition Society."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, Y., Wang, H., Yu, K., Ma, A., Zhu, W., Li, T., Ma, Y., Ma, Y., and Li, J. (2025). Mechanism of Influence of Nattokinase Terminal Sequence on Catalytic Performance and Molecular Modification. Int. J. Biol. Macromol., 307.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2025.141872"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chiu, H.W., Chou, C.L., Lee, K.T., Shih, C.C., Huang, T.H., and Sung, L.C. (2024). Nattokinase Attenuates Endothelial Inflammation through the Activation of SRF and THBS1. Int. J. Biol. Macromol., 268.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2024.131779"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2568","DOI":"10.1039\/D2FO03389E","article-title":"Microbial Nattokinase: From Synthesis to Potential Application","volume":"14","author":"Sheng","year":"2023","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2402763","DOI":"10.1002\/adhm.202402763","article-title":"A Nattokinase-Loaded Nanozyme for Alleviating Acute Myocardial Infarction via Thrombolysis and Antioxidation","volume":"14","author":"Shi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Adv Healthc. Mater."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.3746\/pnf.2012.17.1.078","article-title":"The Antithrombotic and Fibrinolytic Effect of Natto in Hyperlipidemic Rats","volume":"17","author":"Park","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proc. Korean Acad. Food Nutr. Sci."},{"key":"ref_40","first-page":"430","article-title":"Research Progress of Combined Lipid-Lowering Therapy for Mixed Hyperlipidemia","volume":"39","author":"Dong","year":"2018","journal-title":"Adv. Cardiovasc. Dis."},{"key":"ref_41","first-page":"559","article-title":"Cloning of the Gene Encoding Mouse Apolipoprotein C II","volume":"8","author":"Wang","year":"2006","journal-title":"Tianjin Pharm."},{"key":"ref_42","unstructured":"Universidade Federal Fluminense (2024, April 27). Effects of Nattokinase on Inflammation and Cardiovascular Risk Markers in Patients with Dyslipidemia; Clinical Trial Registration NCT06183307; clinicaltrials.gov, Available online: https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/study\/NCT06183307."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"964977","DOI":"10.3389\/fcvm.2022.964977","article-title":"Effective Management of Atherosclerosis Progress and Hyperlipidemia with Nattokinase: A Clinical Study with 1062 Participants.","volume":"9","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Cardiovasc. Med."},{"key":"ref_44","first-page":"96","article-title":"Correlation Analysis of Lipid Distribution Characteristics and Multimorbidity Co-Morbidity in a Community-Based Geriatric Health Checkup Population","volume":"22","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"China Geriatr."},{"key":"ref_45","first-page":"563","article-title":"Characterization of Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors in Physical Examination Population in Dalian Area, 2012\u20132021","volume":"29","author":"Jia","year":"2024","journal-title":"Chin. Cardiovasc. J."},{"key":"ref_46","first-page":"1149","article-title":"Correlation between Serum Parathyroid Hormone and 25-Hydroxyvitamin D Levels and Left Ventricular Hypertrophy in Middle-Aged and Elderly Patients with Essential Hypertension","volume":"32","author":"Yi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Chin. J. Hypertens. (Engl. Chin.)"},{"key":"ref_47","first-page":"957","article-title":"Exploring the Clinical Efficacy of Combining Western Medicine with Phlegm-Expelling and Dampness-Expelling Tea Drink in the Treatment of Metabolic Syndrome Based on the Doctrine of Constitution in Chinese Medicine","volume":"43","author":"He","year":"2024","journal-title":"Shandong J. Tradit. Chin. Med."},{"key":"ref_48","first-page":"40","article-title":"Pros and Cons of Statins","volume":"36","author":"Jin","year":"2024","journal-title":"Food Health"},{"key":"ref_49","first-page":"33","article-title":"Exploring the Ameliorative Effect of Scutellaria Baicalensis Hongqu Tang on Hyperlipidemic Rats Based on the Intestinal Flora-Bile Acid Metabolic Pathway","volume":"41","author":"Yang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Chin. Med. Pharmacol. Clin."},{"key":"ref_50","first-page":"237","article-title":"Chinese Guidelines for Lipid Management","volume":"38","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"China Circ. Mag."},{"key":"ref_51","first-page":"793","article-title":"Advances in Drug Research for the Treatment of Dyslipidemia","volume":"33","author":"Tian","year":"2024","journal-title":"Chin. J. Clin. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1380727","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2024.1380727","article-title":"Lipid-Lowering, Antihypertensive, and Antithrombotic Effects of Nattokinase Combined with Red Yeast Rice in Patients with Stable Coronary Artery Disease: A Randomized, Double-Blinded, Placebo-Controlled Trial","volume":"11","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, B., Wang, S., Li, F., and Liu, X. (2024). Construction, Characterization, and in Vitro Hypolipidemic Activity of Auricularia Auricula-Judae Soluble Dietary Fiber-Phenol Complexes. Food Biosci., 58.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fbio.2024.103657"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1080\/26895293.2020.1792355","article-title":"Antihyperlipidemic and Hepatic Antioxidant Effects of Leek Leaf Methanol Extract in High Fat Diet-Fed Rats","volume":"13","author":"Alshammari","year":"2020","journal-title":"All Life"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Du, Y., Zhang, M., He, F., Pan, Z., Wang, J., Sun, Y., and Li, M. (2024). Exploring the Mechanism of Allicin in Lowering Blood Lipids Based on the CSE\/H2S Pathway. Food Biosci., 59.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fbio.2024.103838"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tifs.2023.03.007","article-title":"Therapeutic Values and Nutraceutical Properties of Shiitake Mushroom (Lentinula Edodes): A Review","volume":"134","author":"Ahmad","year":"2023","journal-title":"Trends Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yao, L., Zhu, L., Chen, C., Wang, X., Zhang, A., Gao, S., Wu, J., and Qin, L. (2024). A Systematic Review on Polysaccharides from Fermented Cordyceps Sinensis: Advances in the Preparation, Structural Characterization, Bioactivities, Structure-Activity Relationships. Int. J. Biol. Macromol., 282.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2024.137275"},{"key":"ref_58","first-page":"435","article-title":"Research Progress on Microbial Production and Physiological Function of Nattokinase","volume":"43","author":"Yao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Technol. Food Ind."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hu, Z., Su, Y., Jia, J., Bian, X., Gu, Y., Lv, G., Chen, S., and Jiang, N. (2025). Mulberry\u2014Nutritional Value, Health Benefits, and Its Applications in Food, Biomaterials, and Medicine: A Systematic Review with Bibliometric Analysis. Nat. Prod. Commun., 20.","DOI":"10.1177\/1934578X251314698"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, Y., Trevethan, M., Wang, S., and Zhao, L. (2022). Beneficial Effects of Citrus Flavanones Naringin and Naringenin and Their Food Sources on Lipid Metabolism: An Update on Bioavailability, Pharmacokinetics, and Mechanisms. J. Nutr. Biochem., 104.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnutbio.2022.108967"},{"key":"ref_61","first-page":"598","article-title":"Research Progress of Seabuckthorn Flavonoids and Its Pharmacological Effects","volume":"33","author":"Ren","year":"2023","journal-title":"Chin. J. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102673","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tice.2024.102673","article-title":"Could Hawthorn Have a Cardioprotective Impact against Obesity-Induced Cardiac Injury in Rats via Antioxidant, Hypolipidemic, Anti-Inflammatory, Antiapoptotic, and Antifibrotic Properties?","volume":"93","author":"Mousa","year":"2025","journal-title":"Tissue Cell"},{"key":"ref_63","first-page":"283","article-title":"Research Progress on Anti-Atherosclerosis of Garlic and Black Garlic","volume":"40","author":"Yang","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Jilin Med. Coll."},{"key":"ref_64","unstructured":"Li, W.Y. (2021). Study on the Lipid-Lowering Effect and Mechanism of Onion Alcohol Extract on Hyperlipidemia Rat Model, North Sichuan Medical College."},{"key":"ref_65","first-page":"85","article-title":"Research Progress on Extraction Biological Activity and Application of Capsaicin","volume":"24","author":"Luo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Agric. Prod. Process."},{"key":"ref_66","first-page":"202","article-title":"Research Progress on Biological Functions of Lycopene","volume":"41","author":"Zhu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Food Res. Dev."},{"key":"ref_67","first-page":"296","article-title":"Research Progress on Structure, Biological Activity and Mechanism of Yam Polysaccharide","volume":"43","author":"Liang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Food Sci."}],"container-title":["Nutrients"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/17\/11\/1784\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T17:39:48Z","timestamp":1760031588000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/17\/11\/1784"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,24]]},"references-count":67,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]}},"alternative-id":["nu17111784"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu17111784","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6643"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6643","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,24]]}}}