{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,24]],"date-time":"2026-10-24T01:42:50Z","timestamp":1792806170460,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":87,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,28]],"date-time":"2025-05-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1748390400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Lallemand Health Solutions Inc.","id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/018nc6029","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: There is growing interest in the benefits of probiotic supplementation during pregnancy and lactation, but evidence supporting the beneficial effects for mother\u2013infant dyads remains scarce. This study assessed the effects of probiotic supplementation on infection frequency and immunity in pregnant women and infants, and on microbiome establishment during the first month of life. Methods: At 28 weeks of gestation, 180 healthy pregnant women were randomized to receive either a placebo (n = 90) or a probiotic supplement (n = 90), Prenatis\u2122, containing 5 billion CFU\/day of Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus Rosell\u00ae-11 and Bifidobacterium bifidum HA-132. Results: There was a significantly lower number of women with one or more infections during the study in the probiotics group (8 vs. 18, p = 0.05) and a trend for a lower number of infections during pregnancy (primary outcome) in the probiotics group (p = 0.07). Regarding infants, a lower number of days with infections during the first month of life was observed in the probiotics group (4.7 days on average vs. 10.5 days, p = 0.03). The vaginal microbiota composition during pregnancy and after childbirth showed no significant differences between groups while the infants\u2019 gut microbiome demonstrated a significantly higher abundance\/prevalence of beneficial taxa in the probiotics group. The benefits conferred by probiotics were especially notable when considering birth by C-section. Probiotics promoted the vertical transmission of beneficial species and the induction of a highly interconnected microbiota, structured around key species. Conclusions: Probiotic supplementation during the third trimester of pregnancy and lactation is a valid strategy for conferring benefits to mothers and infants.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu17111825","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,28]],"date-time":"2025-05-28T03:52:08Z","timestamp":1748404328000},"page":"1825","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["The Effect of Probiotics on Health in Pregnancy and Infants: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-3939-4118","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sylvie","family":"Binda","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Rosell Institute for Microbiome and Probiotics, Montreal, QC H4P 2R2, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-7232-8940","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M\u00e9lanie","family":"Chow-Shi-Y\u00e9e","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinique Ovo, Montreal, QC H4P 2S4, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Saly","family":"El Salti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rosell Institute for Microbiome and Probiotics, Montreal, QC H4P 2R2, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"No\u00e9mie","family":"Auclair-Ouellet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rosell Institute for Microbiome and Probiotics, Montreal, QC H4P 2R2, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-4172-3408","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marie-Laure","family":"Oula","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rosell Institute for Microbiome and Probiotics, Montreal, QC H4P 2R2, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9995-7483","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thomas","family":"Carton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biofortis, 44800 Saint-Herblain, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S\u00e9bastien","family":"Leuillet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biofortis, 44800 Saint-Herblain, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-6336-2219","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Diego","family":"Tomassi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biofortis, 44800 Saint-Herblain, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9562-0795","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Robert","family":"Hemmings","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinique Ovo, Montreal, QC H4P 2S4, Canada"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Department of Obstetrics-Gynecology, McGill University, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Isaac-Jacques","family":"Kadoch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinique Ovo, Montreal, QC H4P 2S4, Canada"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Department of Obstetrics-Gynecology, Universit\u00e9 de Montr\u00e9al, Montreal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Giannella, L., Grelloni, C., Quintili, D., Fiorelli, A., Montironi, R., Alia, S., Delli Carpini, G., Di Giuseppe, J., Vignini, A., and Ciavattini, A. (2023). Microbiome Changes in Pregnancy Disorders. Antioxidants, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox12020463"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sinha, T., Brushett, S., Prins, J., and Zhernakova, A. (2023). The maternal gut microbiome during pregnancy and its role in maternal and infant health. Curr. Opin. Microbiol., 74.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mib.2023.102309"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zakaria, Z.Z., Al-Rumaihi, S., Al-Absi, R.S., Farah, H., Elamin, M., Nader, R., Bouabidi, S., Suleiman, S.E., Nasr, S., and Al-Asmakh, M. (2022). Physiological changes and interactions between microbiome and the host during pregnancy. Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2022.824925"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1007\/s11892-014-0567-0","article-title":"Probiotics and pregnancy","volume":"15","author":"Barrett","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr. Diabetes Rep."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mesa, M.D., Loureiro, B., Iglesia, I., Fernandez Gonzalez, S., Llurba Oliv\u00e9, E., Garcia Algar, O., Solana, M.J., Cabero Perez, M.J., Sainz, T., and Martinez, L. (2020). The evolving microbiome from pregnancy to early infancy: A comprehensive review. Nutrients, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12010133"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101671","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2020.101671","article-title":"The immune system and microbiome in pregnancy","volume":"44","author":"Fuhler","year":"2020","journal-title":"Best Pract. Res. Clin. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"752852","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/752852","article-title":"Pregnancy and susceptibility to infectious diseases","volume":"2013","author":"Sappenfield","year":"2013","journal-title":"Infect. Dis. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1007\/s11908-015-0462-0","article-title":"Vulvovaginal candidiasis in pregnancy","volume":"17","author":"Aguin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr. Infect. Dis. Rep."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.2006.01122.x","article-title":"Aetiology of preterm labour: Bacterial vaginosis","volume":"113","author":"Guaschino","year":"2006","journal-title":"BJOG Int. J. Obstet. Gynaecol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6195712","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/6195712","article-title":"Prevalence and risk factors of vulvovaginal candidosis during pregnancy: A review","volume":"2022","author":"Disha","year":"2022","journal-title":"Infect. Dis. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"42","article-title":"Urinary tract infection: An overview of the infection and the associated risk factors","volume":"1","author":"Vasudevan","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Microbiol. Exp."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kuperman, A.A., and Koren, O. (2016). Antibiotic use during pregnancy: How bad is it?. BMC Med., 14.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-016-0636-0"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e002321","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjdrc-2021-002321","article-title":"Effect of exposure to antibiotics on the gut microbiome and biochemical indexes of pregnant women","volume":"9","author":"Su","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ Open Diabetes Res. Care"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"660","DOI":"10.1111\/cea.12467","article-title":"Combined effects of prenatal medication use and delivery type are associated with eczema at age 2 years","volume":"45","author":"Wegienka","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Allergy"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yao, Y., Cai, X., Chen, C., Fang, H., Zhao, Y., Fei, W., Chen, F., and Zheng, C. (2020). The role of microbiomes in pregnant women and offspring: Research progress of recent years. Front. Pharmacol., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2020.00643"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ma, G., Shi, Y., Meng, L., Fan, H., Tang, X., Luo, H., Wang, D., Zhou, J., and Xiao, X. (2023). Factors affecting the early establishment of neonatal intestinal flora and its intervention measures. Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2023.1295111"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1038\/s41575-020-0344-2","article-title":"The International Scientific Association for Probiotics and Prebiotics (ISAPP) consensus statement on the definition and scope of synbiotics","volume":"17","author":"Swanson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"506","DOI":"10.1038\/nrgastro.2014.66","article-title":"Expert consensus document: The International Scientific Association for Probiotics and Prebiotics consensus statement on the scope and appropriate use of the term probiotic","volume":"11","author":"Hill","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mazziotta, C., Tognon, M., Martini, F., Torreggiani, E., and Rotondo, J.C. (2023). Probiotics mechanism of action on immune cells and beneficial effects on human health. Cells, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells12010184"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"834","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114508959183","article-title":"Immunomodulatory effects of the intake of fermented milk with Lactobacillus casei DN114001 in lactating mothers and their children","volume":"100","author":"Lemes","year":"2008","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Trifkovi\u010d, K.\u010c., Mi\u010deti\u0107-Turk, D., Kmetec, S., Strauss, M., Dahlen, H.G., Foster, J.P., and Fijan, S. (2022). Efficacy of direct or indirect use of probiotics for the improvement of maternal depression during pregnancy and in the postnatal period: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Healthcare, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/healthcare10060970"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1097\/LGT.0000000000000518","article-title":"Oral intake of lactobacilli can Be helpful in symptomatic bacterial vaginosis: A randomized clinical study","volume":"24","author":"Reznichenko","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Low. Genit. Tract Dis."},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"538","article-title":"Prevention of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and probiotics: Mechanism of action: A review","volume":"16","author":"Homayouni","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr. Diabetes Rev."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1792","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114509993898","article-title":"Impact of maternal probiotic-supplemented dietary counselling on pregnancy outcome and prenatal and postnatal growth: A double-blind, placebo-controlled study","volume":"103","author":"Luoto","year":"2010","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"807","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwr168","article-title":"Intake of probiotic food and risk of preeclampsia in primiparous women: The Norwegian Mother and Child Cohort Study","volume":"174","author":"Myhre","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e018021","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2017-018021","article-title":"Timing of probiotic milk consumption during pregnancy and effects on the incidence of preeclampsia and preterm delivery: A prospective observational cohort study in Norway","volume":"8","author":"Nordqvist","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"772","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2022-328970","article-title":"Microbial transmission, colonisation and succession: From pregnancy to infancy","volume":"72","author":"Xiao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.1111\/dom.12475","article-title":"Role of probiotics in reducing the risk of gestational diabetes","volume":"17","author":"Isolauri","year":"2015","journal-title":"Diabetes Obes. Metab."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.3920\/BM2015.0140","article-title":"The case in favour of probiotics before, during and after pregnancy: Insights from the first 1,500 days","volume":"7","author":"Reid","year":"2016","journal-title":"Benef. Microbes"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zaidi, A.Z., Moore, S.E., and Okala, S.G. (2021). Impact of Maternal Nutritional Supplementation during Pregnancy and Lactation on the Infant Gut or Breastmilk Microbiota: A Systematic Review. Nutrients, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13041137"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Navarro-Tapia, E., Sebastiani, G., Sailer, S., Almeida Toledano, L., Serra-Delgado, M., Garc\u00eda-Algar, \u00d3., and Andreu-Fern\u00e1ndez, V. (2020). Probiotic Supplementation during the Perinatal and Infant Period: Effects on gut Dysbiosis and Disease. Nutrients, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12082243"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1007\/s13668-022-00429-w","article-title":"Maternal intake of probiotics to program offspring health","volume":"11","author":"Cuinat","year":"2022","journal-title":"Curr. Nutr. Rep."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e25","DOI":"10.1093\/nutrit\/nuae024","article-title":"Probiotics supplementation during pregnancy or infancy on multiple food allergies and gut microbiota: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"83","author":"Jiang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nutr. Rev."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.4103\/0976-500X.72352","article-title":"CONSORT 2010 statement: Updated guidelines for reporting parallel group randomised trials","volume":"1","author":"Schulz","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Pharmacol. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"920","DOI":"10.3109\/00365529709011203","article-title":"Stool Form Scale as a Useful Guide to Intestinal Transit Time","volume":"32","author":"Lewis","year":"1997","journal-title":"Scand. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"782","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.150.6.782","article-title":"Detection of postnatal depression. Development of the 10-item Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale","volume":"150","author":"Cox","year":"1987","journal-title":"Br. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2008.10.010","article-title":"Infant Stool Form Scale: Development and Results","volume":"154","author":"Bekkali","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"852","DOI":"10.1038\/s41587-019-0209-9","article-title":"Reproducible, interactive, scalable and extensible microbiome data science using QIIME 2","volume":"37","author":"Bolyen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ansorge, R., Birolo, G., James, S.A., and Telatin, A. (2021). Dadaist2: A Toolkit to Automate and Simplify Statistical Analysis and Plotting of Metabarcoding Experiments. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22105309"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.42.2.713-717.2004","article-title":"Identification and H2O2 Production of Vaginal Lactobacilli from Pregnant Women at High Risk of Preterm Birth and Relation with Outcome","volume":"42","author":"Wilks","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114514003997","article-title":"Bifidobacterium bifidum R0071 results in a greater proportion of healthy days and a lower percentage of academically stressed students reporting a day of cold\/flu: A randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled study","volume":"113","author":"Rowe","year":"2015","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2772","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micinf.2006.08.008","article-title":"Clinical study comparing probiotic Lactobacillus GR-1 and RC-14 with metronidazole vaginal gel to treat symptomatic bacterial vaginosis","volume":"8","author":"Anukam","year":"2006","journal-title":"Microbes Infect.\/Inst. Pasteur"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1097\/LGT.0b013e31829156ec","article-title":"Effects of probiotics on the recurrence of bacterial vaginosis: A review","volume":"18","author":"Homayouni","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Low. Genit. Tract Dis."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-116-5-353","article-title":"Ingestion of yogurt containing Lactobacillus acidophilus as prophylaxis for candidal vaginitis","volume":"116","author":"Hilton","year":"1992","journal-title":"Ann. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e57051","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.57051","article-title":"Modeling transfer of vaginal microbiota from mother to infant in early life","volume":"10","author":"Mortensen","year":"2021","journal-title":"eLife"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kurtz, Z.D., M\u00fcller, C.L., Miraldi, E.R., Littman, D.R., Blaser, M.J., and Bonneau, R.A. (2015). Sparse and Compositionally Robust Inference of Microbial Ecological Networks. PLoS Comput. Biol., 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1004226"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4680","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1002611107","article-title":"Vaginal microbiome of reproductive-age women","volume":"108","author":"Ravel","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564-022-01083-2","article-title":"Towards a deeper understanding of the vaginal microbiota","volume":"7","author":"France","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bozzi Cionci, N., Baffoni, L., Gagg\u00eca, F., and Di Gioia, D. (2018). Therapeutic Microbiology: The Role of Bifidobacterium breve as Food Supplement for the Prevention\/Treatment of Paediatric Diseases. Nutrients, 10.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints201810.0328.v1"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bae, W.-Y., Lee, Y.J., Jung, W.-H., Shin, S.L., Kim, T.-R., and Sohn, M. (2023). Draft genome sequence and probiotic functional property analysis of Lactobacillus gasseri LM1065 for food industry applications. Sci. Rep., 13.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-39454-2"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinthera.2008.03.013","article-title":"Use of Lactobacillus probiotics for bacterial genitourinary infections in women: A review","volume":"30","author":"Barrons","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin. Ther."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1067\/mda.2003.7","article-title":"Epidemiology of urinary tract infections: Incidence, morbidity, and economic costs","volume":"49","author":"Foxman","year":"2003","journal-title":"Disease-a-Month"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lopez-Santamarina, A., Lamas, A., Del Carmen Mondrag\u00f3n, A., Cardelle-Cobas, A., Regal, P., Rodriguez-Avila, J.A., Miranda, J.M., Franco, C.M., and Cepeda, A. (2021). Probiotic Effects against Virus Infections: New Weapons for an Old War. Foods, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods10010130"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1159\/000496426","article-title":"Beneficial Effects of Probiotic Consumption on the Immune System","volume":"74","author":"Cazorla","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann. Nutr. Metab."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1263\/jbb.100.583","article-title":"Prevention of infections by probiotics","volume":"100","author":"Nomoto","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Biosci. Bioeng."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tjog.2016.06.003","article-title":"Oral Lactobacillus rhamnosus GR-1 and Lactobacillus reuteri RC-14 to reduce Group B Streptococcus colonization in pregnant women: A randomized controlled trial","volume":"55","author":"Ho","year":"2016","journal-title":"Taiwan. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mart\u00edn, V., C\u00e1rdenas, N., Oca\u00f1a, S., Mar\u00edn, M., Arroyo, R., Beltr\u00e1n, D., Badiola, C., Fern\u00e1ndez, L., and Rodr\u00edguez, J.M. (2019). Rectal and vaginal eradication of Streptococcus agalactiae (GBS) in pregnant women by using Lactobacillus salivarius CECT 9145, a target-specific probiotic strain. Nutrients, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11040810"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ang, X.Y., Mageswaran, U.M., Chung, Y.L.F., Lee, B.K., Azhar, S.N.A., Roslan, N.S., Saufian, I.F.B., Mustaffa, N.S., Kalam, E.M., and Ibrahim, A.F. (2022). Probiotics reduce vaginal candidiasis in pregnant women via modulating abundance of Candida and Lactobacillus in vaginal and cervicovaginal regions. Microorganisms, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms10020285"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Freitas, A.C., Chaban, B., Bocking, A., Rocco, M., Yang, S., Hill, J.E., Money, D.M., Hemmingsen, S., Reid, G., and Dumonceaux, T. (2017). The vaginal microbiome of pregnant women is less rich and diverse, with lower prevalence of Mollicutes, compared to non-pregnant women. Sci. Rep., 7.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-07790-9"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Romero, R., Hassan, S.S., Gajer, P., Tarca, A.L., Fadrosh, D.W., Nikita, L., Galuppi, M., Lamont, R.F., Chaemsaithong, P., and Miranda, J. (2014). The composition and stability of the vaginal microbiota of normal pregnant women is different from that of non-pregnant women. Microbiome, 2.","DOI":"10.1186\/2049-2618-2-10"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aagaard, K., Riehle, K., Ma, J., Segata, N., Mistretta, T.-A., Coarfa, C., Raza, S., Rosenbaum, S., Van Den Veyver, I., and Milosavljevic, A. (2012). A Metagenomic Approach to Characterization of the Vaginal Microbiome Signature in Pregnancy. PLoS ONE, 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0036466"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Macintyre, D.A., Chandiramani, M., Lee, Y.S., Kindinger, L., Smith, A., Angelopoulos, N., Lehne, B., Arulkumaran, S., Brown, R., and Teoh, T.G. (2015). The vaginal microbiome during pregnancy and the postpartum period in a European population. Sci. Rep., 5.","DOI":"10.1038\/srep08988"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11060","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1502875112","article-title":"Temporal and spatial variation of the human microbiota during pregnancy","volume":"112","author":"DiGiulio","year":"2015","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, J., Li, K., Cao, T., and Duan, Z. (2024). Characterization of a Lactobacillus gasseri strain as a probiotic for female vaginitis. Sci. Rep., 14.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-65550-y"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Raheem, A., Liang, L., Zhang, G., and Cui, S. (2021). Modulatory effects of probiotics during pathogenic infections with emphasis on immune regulation. Front. Immunol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.616713"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.62310\/liab.v1i1.53","article-title":"Probiotics: Role in immunomodulation and consequent effects: Probiotics and immunity","volume":"1","author":"Begum","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lett. Anim. Biol."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Godlewska, U., Bulanda, E., and Wypych, T.P. (2022). Bile acids in immunity: Bidirectional mediators between the host and the microbiota. Front. Immunol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.949033"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"466","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jff.2019.01.051","article-title":"Effects of probiotic therapy on serum inflammatory markers: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"54","author":"Maia","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Funct. Foods"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8008","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.27559","article-title":"Probiotics importance and their immunomodulatory properties","volume":"234","author":"Yousefi","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Cell. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"632","DOI":"10.1080\/09637486.2020.1857710","article-title":"The effect of probiotics, parabiotics, synbiotics, fermented foods and other microbial forms on immunoglobulin production: A systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical trials","volume":"72","author":"Kazemi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1606","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2222.2008.03061.x","article-title":"Supplementation with Lactobacillus rhamnosus or Bifidobacterium lactis probiotics in pregnancy increases cord blood interferon-\u03b3 and breast milk transforming growth factor-\u03b2 and immunoglobin A detection","volume":"38","author":"Prescott","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Allergy"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Baldassarre, M.E., Di Mauro, A., Mastromarino, P., Fanelli, M., Martinelli, D., Urbano, F., Capobianco, D., and Laforgia, N. (2016). Administration of a multi-strain probiotic product to women in the perinatal period differentially affects the breast milk cytokine profile and may have beneficial effects on neonatal gastrointestinal functional symptoms. A randomized clinical trial. Nutrients, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu8110677"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-3038.2007.00687.x","article-title":"Low breast milk TGF-\u03b22 is induced by Lactobacillus reuteri supplementation and associates with reduced risk of sensitization during infancy","volume":"19","author":"Abrahamsson","year":"2008","journal-title":"Pediatr. Allergy Immunol."},{"key":"ref_74","first-page":"293","article-title":"Administration of oral probiotic bacteria to pregnant women causes temporary infantile colonization","volume":"38","author":"Schultz","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1536-4801.2006.tb00014.x","article-title":"Effect of maternal consumption of lactobacillus GG on transfer and establishment of fecal bifidobacterial microbiota in neonates","volume":"42","author":"Gueimonde","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-021-00559-y","article-title":"Prevotella diversity, niches and interactions with the human host","volume":"19","author":"Tett","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2016.01.001","article-title":"Use of probiotics and prebiotics in infant feeding","volume":"30","author":"Bertelsen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Best Pract. Res. Clin. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e01449-21","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.01449-21","article-title":"Building robust assemblages of bacteria in the human gut in early life","volume":"87","author":"Tannock","year":"2021","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"706","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-020-06092-x","article-title":"Microbiome composition in pediatric populations from birth to adolescence: Impact of diet and prebiotic and probiotic interventions","volume":"65","author":"Davis","year":"2020","journal-title":"Dig. Dis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Saturio, S., Nogacka, A.M., Alvarado-Jasso, G.M., Salazar, N., De Los Reyes-Gavil\u00e1n, C.G., Gueimonde, M., and Arboleya, S. (2021). Role of Bifidobacteria on Infant Health. Microorganisms, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms9122415"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1349","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)31930-5","article-title":"Short-term and long-term effects of caesarean section on the health of women and children","volume":"392","author":"Sandall","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-019-1560-1","article-title":"Stunted microbiota and opportunistic pathogen colonization in caesarean-section birth","volume":"574","author":"Shao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.4039","article-title":"Partial restoration of the microbiota of cesarean-born infants via vaginal microbial transfer","volume":"22","author":"Shen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1274","DOI":"10.1002\/hsr2.1274","article-title":"Global increased cesarean section rates and public health implications: A call to action","volume":"6","author":"Angolile","year":"2023","journal-title":"Health Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"696","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2022.04.005","article-title":"Supplementation with a probiotic mixture accelerates gut microbiome maturation and reduces intestinal inflammation in extremely preterm infants","volume":"30","author":"Samara","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Faust, K., Sathirapongsasuti, J.F., Izard, J., Segata, N., Gevers, D., Raes, J., and Huttenhower, C. (2012). Microbial Co-occurrence Relationships in the Human Microbiome. PLoS Comput. Biol., 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1002606"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yefet, E., Bejerano, A., Iskander, R., Zilberman Kimhi, T., and Nachum, Z. (2023). The Association between Gestational Diabetes Mellitus and Infections in Pregnancy\u2014Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Microorganisms, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms11081956"}],"container-title":["Nutrients"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/17\/11\/1825\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T17:41:54Z","timestamp":1760031714000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/17\/11\/1825"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,28]]},"references-count":87,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]}},"alternative-id":["nu17111825"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu17111825","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6643"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6643","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,28]]}}}