{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,9]],"date-time":"2026-07-09T20:28:52Z","timestamp":1783628932560,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":85,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,28]],"date-time":"2025-05-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1748390400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Heart failure (HF) remains a global health burden with high morbidity and mortality, despite significant pharmacological advances. Vitamin D deficiency (VDD) is commonly observed in HF patients and may exacerbate disease progression through various pathophysiological mechanisms, including activation of the renin\u2013angiotensin\u2013aldosterone system, inflammation, oxidative stress, and impaired calcium homeostasis. While vitamin D (VD) supplementation may positively influence surrogate markers in selected patient groups\u2014particularly those with reduced ejection fraction or severe vitamin D deficiency\u2014its effect on primary endpoints such as mortality or HF-related hospitalization varies significantly across studies and patient populations. As a result, while VD supplementation may benefit VD-deficient HF patients, current evidence does not support routine administration across the whole HF population. It is still a matter of debate whether VDD belongs to prognostic markers of worse outcomes in HF or is instead their potential cause. Therefore, the clinical utility of VD in HF management remains underexplored. This review aims to assess the evidence regarding vitamin D status and its supplementation in the context of HF, with a focus on different HF phenotypes: reduced (HFrEF), mildly reduced (HFmrEF), and preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF). The aim is to synthesize findings from novel observational studies, randomized controlled trials, and meta-analyses that shed light onto this intricate relationship and may be valuable in everyday clinical practice.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu17111839","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,28]],"date-time":"2025-05-28T10:21:13Z","timestamp":1748427673000},"page":"1839","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Vitamin D Supplementation in Heart Failure\u2014Confusion Without a Cause?"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9855-9333","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zofia","family":"Kampka","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology and Structural Heart Diseases, Medical University of Silesia, 45\/47 Zio\u0142owa St., 40-635 Katowice, Poland"},{"name":"Upper-Silesian Medical Center, 45\/47 Zio\u0142owa St., 40-635 Katowice, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dominika","family":"Czapla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology and Structural Heart Diseases, Medical University of Silesia, 45\/47 Zio\u0142owa St., 40-635 Katowice, Poland"},{"name":"Upper-Silesian Medical Center, 45\/47 Zio\u0142owa St., 40-635 Katowice, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3681-5207","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wojciech","family":"Wojakowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology and Structural Heart Diseases, Medical University of Silesia, 45\/47 Zio\u0142owa St., 40-635 Katowice, Poland"},{"name":"Upper-Silesian Medical Center, 45\/47 Zio\u0142owa St., 40-635 Katowice, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6939-9898","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Agata","family":"Stanek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Upper-Silesian Medical Center, 45\/47 Zio\u0142owa St., 40-635 Katowice, Poland"},{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Metabolic Diseases, and Angiology, Faculty of Health Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Ziolowa 45\/47 St., 40-635 Katowice, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.119.315889","article-title":"Targeting Age-Related Pathways in Heart Failure","volume":"126","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Circ. 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