{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T14:43:32Z","timestamp":1788965012309,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":258,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,30]],"date-time":"2025-05-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1748563200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Nutritional management has become an integral part of Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) care, with growing evidence supporting specific dietary interventions alongside pharmacologic therapy. However, clinical guidance remains fragmented due to heterogeneous study designs and variable endpoints. Objectives: This review critically examines the current evidence on dietary strategies and oral nutritional supplementation (ONS) in both Crohn\u2019s Disease (CD) and Ulcerative Colitis (UC), highlighting their clinical applications, mechanisms of action, and limitations. Methods: A comprehensive literature search was conducted using PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science databases, analyzing studies on various dietary approaches and ONS in IBD. Results: Exclusive Enteral Nutrition (EEN) is a first-line therapy in pediatric CD, while partial enteral nutrition (PEN) and the Crohn\u2019s Disease Exclusion Diet (CDED) show promising efficacy and better adherence in both children and adults. Whole-food-based interventions, including the Mediterranean Diet, Specific Carbohydrate Diet, plant-based diets, and emerging strategies such as CD-TREAT and the Tasty &amp; Healthy diet, have demonstrated varying levels of benefit in disease maintenance and symptom control. Targeted exclusion diets\u2014such as low-FODMAP, low-emulsifier, and low-sulfur diets\u2014may relieve functional symptoms and influence inflammatory activity, although evidence remains preliminary. ONS plays a pivotal role in addressing malnutrition and improving outcomes in perioperative and hospitalized patients. Conclusions: Dietary interventions and ONS represent valuable therapeutic tools in IBD management. Future research should prioritize standardized, well-powered clinical trials and personalized nutritional approaches to better define their role within integrated care pathways.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu17111879","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,30]],"date-time":"2025-05-30T09:22:41Z","timestamp":1748596961000},"page":"1879","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Dietary Interventions and Oral Nutritional Supplementation in Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Current Evidence and Future Directions"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Brigida","family":"Barberio","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, Oncology, Gastroenterology, University of Padua, Via Giustiniani 2, 35121 Padua, Italy"},{"name":"Gastroenterology Unit, Azienda Ospedale, Universit\u00e0 Padova, 35128 Padua, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-9816-4171","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luisa","family":"Bertin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, Oncology, Gastroenterology, University of Padua, Via Giustiniani 2, 35121 Padua, Italy"},{"name":"Gastroenterology Unit, Azienda Ospedale, Universit\u00e0 Padova, 35128 Padua, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6774-590X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sonia","family":"Facchin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, Oncology, Gastroenterology, University of Padua, Via Giustiniani 2, 35121 Padua, Italy"},{"name":"Gastroenterology Unit, Azienda Ospedale, Universit\u00e0 Padova, 35128 Padua, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erica","family":"Bonazzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, Oncology, Gastroenterology, University of Padua, Via Giustiniani 2, 35121 Padua, Italy"},{"name":"Gastroenterology Unit, Azienda Ospedale, Universit\u00e0 Padova, 35128 Padua, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sara","family":"Cusano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, Oncology, Gastroenterology, University of Padua, Via Giustiniani 2, 35121 Padua, Italy"},{"name":"Gastroenterology Unit, Azienda Ospedale, Universit\u00e0 Padova, 35128 Padua, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giulia","family":"Romanelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Nutrition Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Padua, 35128 Padua, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francesco Francini","family":"Pesenti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Nutrition Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Padua, 35128 Padua, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5006-2280","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emanuela","family":"Cazzaniga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20900 Monza, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1045-8838","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paola","family":"Palestini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20900 Monza, Italy"},{"name":"POLARIS Research Centre, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20900 Monza, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1133-1502","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fabiana","family":"Zingone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, Oncology, Gastroenterology, University of Padua, Via Giustiniani 2, 35121 Padua, Italy"},{"name":"Gastroenterology Unit, Azienda Ospedale, Universit\u00e0 Padova, 35128 Padua, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3187-2894","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Edoardo Vincenzo","family":"Savarino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, Oncology, Gastroenterology, University of Padua, Via Giustiniani 2, 35121 Padua, Italy"},{"name":"Gastroenterology Unit, Azienda Ospedale, Universit\u00e0 Padova, 35128 Padua, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(23)00966-2","article-title":"Ulcerative Colitis","volume":"402","author":"Honap","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet Lond. 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