{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T01:20:49Z","timestamp":1760059249723,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,1]],"date-time":"2025-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1748736000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Dietary guidelines recommend limiting trans fatty acid (TFA) intake to avoid adverse health effects. However, the impact of TFA intake in type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) remains unclear. The aim of the present study was to investigate the levels of TFAs in plasma and erythrocyte membrane lipids of young diabetic patients and healthy controls. Methods: Data were re-analyzed from three case-control studies including diabetic children (n = 40, mean age: 12.0 years), diabetic young adults (n = 34, mean age: 21.8 years), and children with diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA, n = 9, mean age: 16.0 years). In these studies, TFA data were quantified by gas chromatography, but data have not yet been published. Results: Diabetic young adults and diabetic children had significantly lower TFAs in plasma lipids compared to healthy controls (sum of TFA in plasma sterol esters: 0.54 [0.34] versus 0.64 [0.37] and 0.51 [0.13] versus 0.65 [0.29], %, median [interquartile range], p &lt; 0.05). However, children with DKA had significantly higher TFA levels in almost all plasma lipid fractions than the other two diabetic groups. Several negative correlations were observed between TFA and n-3 and n-6 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid levels in all groups, especially in the erythrocyte membrane lipid fractions. However, in the plasma fractions the correlation was less clear; both positive and negative correlations were found in each of the groups studied. Conclusions: Lower TFA values in young adults and children with diabetes may be associated with dietary patterns lower in TFAs, while elevated TFA values in DKA may be linked to challenges in adherence to dietary guidelines.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu17111907","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,2]],"date-time":"2025-06-02T05:09:12Z","timestamp":1748840952000},"page":"1907","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Trans Isomeric Fatty Acids in Children and Young Adults with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3563-2492","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"\u00c9va","family":"Szab\u00f3","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Clinical Centre, University of P\u00e9cs, 7623 P\u00e9cs, Hungary"},{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry, Medical School, University of P\u00e9cs, 7624 P\u00e9cs, Hungary"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4244-5513","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tam\u00e1s","family":"Marosv\u00f6lgyi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Clinical Centre, University of P\u00e9cs, 7623 P\u00e9cs, Hungary"},{"name":"Institute of Bioanalysis, Medical School, University of P\u00e9cs, 7624 P\u00e9cs, Hungary"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Krisztina","family":"Mih\u00e1lyi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Clinical Centre, University of P\u00e9cs, 7623 P\u00e9cs, Hungary"},{"name":"Department of Emergency Medicine, Medical School, University of P\u00e9cs, 7624 P\u00e9cs, Hungary"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6292-4802","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Szimonetta","family":"Lohner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Clinical Centre, University of P\u00e9cs, 7623 P\u00e9cs, Hungary"},{"name":"Department of Public Health Medicine, Medical School, University of P\u00e9cs, 7624 P\u00e9cs, Hungary"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tam\u00e1s","family":"Decsi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Clinical Centre, University of P\u00e9cs, 7623 P\u00e9cs, Hungary"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabet.2017.02.004","article-title":"Plasma trans-palmitoleic acid is associated with cardio-metabolic risk factors in youth with type 1 diabetes","volume":"44","author":"The","year":"2018","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.1007\/s00592-011-0365-y","article-title":"Trans fatty acids consumption in type 1 diabetic patients: Evaluation by dietary records and measurement in serum phospholipids","volume":"50","author":"Vitale","year":"2013","journal-title":"Acta Diabetol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.18097\/PBMC20166202206","article-title":"The profile of plasma non-esterified fatty acids in children with different terms of type 1 diabetes mellitus","volume":"62","author":"Akmurzina","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biomed. Khim"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4595","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-021-02611-2","article-title":"Biomarkers of fatty acid intake are independently associated with preclinical atherosclerosis in individuals with type 1 diabetes","volume":"60","author":"Mesa","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dsx.2012.03.002","article-title":"Overview of trans fatty acids: Biochemistry and health effects","volume":"5","author":"Bhardwaj","year":"2011","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab. Syndr."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosissup.2006.04.001","article-title":"World-wide consumption of trans fatty acids","volume":"7","year":"2006","journal-title":"Atheroscler. Suppl."},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"EN-1433","article-title":"Scientific and technical assistance on trans fatty acids","volume":"15","author":"Authority","year":"2018","journal-title":"EFSA Support. Publ."},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"(2023). Saturated Fatty Acid and Trans-Fatty Acid Intake for Adults and Children, WHO. WHO Guideline."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wanders, A.J., Zock, P.L., and Brouwer, I.A. (2017). Trans Fat Intake and Its Dietary Sources in General Populations Worldwide: A Systematic Review. Nutrients, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu9080840"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"g2272","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.g2272","article-title":"Global, regional, and national consumption levels of dietary fats and oils in 1990 and 2010: A systematic analysis including 266 country-specific nutrition surveys","volume":"348","author":"Micha","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"h3978","article-title":"Intake of saturated and trans unsaturated fatty acids and risk of all cause mortality, cardiovascular disease, and type 2 diabetes: Systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies","volume":"351","author":"Mente","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1186\/s12944-019-1035-2","article-title":"Dietary total fat, fatty acids intake, and risk of cardiovascular disease: A dose-response meta-analysis of cohort studies","volume":"18","author":"Zhu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lipids Health Dis."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Iwata, N.G., Pham, M., Rizzo, N.O., Cheng, A.M., Maloney, E., and Kim, F. (2011). Trans fatty acids induce vascular inflammation and reduce vascular nitric oxide production in endothelial cells. PLoS ONE, 6.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0029600"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2050","DOI":"10.1080\/10408398.2020.1836471","article-title":"Ruminant and industrial trans-fatty acids consumption and cardiometabolic risk markers: A systematic review","volume":"62","author":"Verneque","year":"2022","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1914","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114514002578","article-title":"Is there a linear relationship between the dose of ruminant trans-fatty acids and cardiovascular risk markers in healthy subjects: Results from a systematic review and meta-regression of randomised clinical trials","volume":"112","author":"Prunet","year":"2014","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S5","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ejcn.1602973","article-title":"Health effects of trans-fatty acids: Experimental and observational evidence","volume":"63","author":"Mozaffarian","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954422411000011","article-title":"Ruminant and industrial sources of trans-fat and cardiovascular and diabetic diseases","volume":"24","author":"Tardy","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nutr. Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Te Morenga, L., and Montez, J.M. (2017). Health effects of saturated and trans-fatty acid intake in children and adolescents: Systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS ONE, 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0186672"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1320","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/85.5.1320","article-title":"trans Octadecenoic acid and trans octadecadienoic acid are inversely related to long-chain polyunsaturates in human milk: Results of a large birth cohort study","volume":"85","author":"Szabo","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"807","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/73.4.807","article-title":"Infant plasma trans, n-6, and n-3 fatty acids and conjugated linoleic acids are related to maternal plasma fatty acids, length of gestation, and birth weight and length","volume":"73","author":"Elias","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1659","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jand.2017.03.022","article-title":"Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics Nutrition Practice Guideline for Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes in Adults: Systematic Review of Evidence for Medical Nutrition Therapy Effectiveness and Recommendations for Integration into the Nutrition Care Process","volume":"117","author":"Franz","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Acad. Nutr. Diet."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1111\/dme.13603","article-title":"Diabetes UK evidence-based nutrition guidelines for the prevention and management of diabetes","volume":"35","author":"Dyson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Diabet. Med."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1188","DOI":"10.1111\/jpc.14373","article-title":"Australian children with type 1 diabetes consume high sodium and high saturated fat diets: Comparison with national and international guidelines","volume":"55","author":"Thomson","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Paediatr. Child. Health"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1177\/0145721708326699","article-title":"Are children with type 1 diabetes consuming a healthful diet?: A review of the current evidence and strategies for dietary change","volume":"35","author":"Rovner","year":"2009","journal-title":"Diabetes Educ."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1054\/plef.2002.0420","article-title":"Polyunsaturated fatty acids in plasma and erythrocyte membrane lipids of diabetic children","volume":"67","author":"Decsi","year":"2002","journal-title":"Prostaglandins Leukot. Essent. Fatty Acids"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plefa.2006.12.003","article-title":"Low contribution of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids to plasma and erythrocyte membrane lipids in diabetic young adults","volume":"76","author":"Decsi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Prostaglandins Leukot. Essent. Fatty Acids"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"850","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1651-2227.2005.tb02000.x","article-title":"Polyunsaturated fatty acids in plasma lipids of diabetic children during and after diabetic ketoacidosis","volume":"94","author":"Decsi","year":"2005","journal-title":"Acta Paediatrica"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1073","DOI":"10.1007\/s00592-017-1051-5","article-title":"Unhealthy lifestyle habits and diabetes-specific health-related quality of life in youths with type 1 diabetes","volume":"54","author":"Mozzillo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acta Diabetol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.32394\/rpzh.2019.0076","article-title":"Assessment of selected food intake frequency in patients with type 1 diabetes treated with personal insulin pumps","volume":"70","author":"Krzyzowska","year":"2019","journal-title":"Rocz. Panstw. Zakl. Hig."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"550","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jada.2011.01.016","article-title":"Adherence to diet in youth with type 1 diabetes","volume":"111","author":"Patton","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Am. Diet. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"982","DOI":"10.2337\/dc05-2197","article-title":"Diet of Adolescents With and Without Diabetes","volume":"29","author":"Helgeson","year":"2006","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Marosvolgyi, T., Mintal, K., Farkas, N., Sipos, Z., Makszin, L., Szabo, E., Toth, A., Kocsis, B., Kovacs, K., and Hormay, E. (2024). Antibiotics and probiotics-induced effects on the total fatty acid composition of feces in a rat model. Sci. Rep., 14.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-57046-6"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102132","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2023.102132","article-title":"Distinct signatures of gut microbiota and metabolites in different types of diabetes: A population-based cross-sectional study","volume":"62","author":"Hu","year":"2023","journal-title":"EClinicalMedicine"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1021\/acsmedchemlett.3c00263","article-title":"Lysophosphatidylcholines Enriched with cis and trans Palmitoleic Acid Regulate Insulin Secretion via GPR119 Receptor","volume":"15","author":"Szustak","year":"2024","journal-title":"ACS Med. Chem. Lett."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1093","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.112.040576","article-title":"Effects of trans fatty acids on glucose homeostasis: A meta-analysis of randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trials","volume":"96","author":"Aronis","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12363","DOI":"10.1080\/10408398.2023.2251583","article-title":"Dietary intake, biomarkers and supplementation of fatty acids and risk of coronary events: A systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials and prospective observational studies","volume":"64","author":"Jayedi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S1","DOI":"10.1038\/ejcn.2009.13","article-title":"WHO Scientific Update on health consequences of trans fatty acids: Introduction","volume":"63","author":"Nishida","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1958","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(19)30041-8","article-title":"Health effects of dietary risks in 195 countries, 1990\u20132017: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017","volume":"393","author":"Collaborators","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"862","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.112.046508","article-title":"Plasma concentrations of trans fatty acids in persons with type 2 diabetes between September 2002 and April 2004","volume":"97","author":"Schwenke","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29348","DOI":"10.3402\/fnr.v59.29348","article-title":"Foetal cord blood contains higher portions of n-3 and n-6 long-chain PUFA but lower portions of trans C18:1 isomers than maternal blood","volume":"59","author":"Schlormann","year":"2015","journal-title":"Food Nutr. Res."}],"container-title":["Nutrients"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/17\/11\/1907\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T17:45:14Z","timestamp":1760031914000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/17\/11\/1907"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,1]]},"references-count":40,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]}},"alternative-id":["nu17111907"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu17111907","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6643"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2072-6643"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,1]]}}}