{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,23]],"date-time":"2026-06-23T22:25:58Z","timestamp":1782253558201,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,6]],"date-time":"2025-06-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1749168000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Dairy Alliance"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Previous research indicates that gastrointestinal discomfort from milk consumption may be attributable to A1 \u03b2-casein, rather than lactose intolerance alone. A2 milk (free of A1 \u03b2-casein) consumption may result in fewer symptoms compared to conventional milk containing both A1\/A2 \u03b2-casein. Objective: In this five-week, double-blind, double-crossover study, we assessed the physiological responses to doses escalating in volume of lactose-free conventional milk (Lactaid), A2 milk, and lactose-free A2 milk in fluid milk-avoiding participants. Methods: Each milk type was consumed over three separate weeks with three increasing doses across five days per week, &gt;one week washout. Gastrointestinal symptoms, blood glucose, and breath gases were monitored for twenty-four, two-, and three-hours post-consumption, respectively. Sensory evaluation was completed for each sample. Results: Fifty-three participants consented and were randomized, with forty-eight participants completing the study. Overall, symptoms were minimal. On Days 1 and 3, lower ratings of bloating and flatulence were observed in A2 compared to lactose-free A2. Breath hydrogen responses reflected lactose content, but were higher in lactose-free A2 than Lactaid on Day 5. Thirty-three participants were deemed lactose-intolerant and had higher fasting and average breath hydrogen for all samples. The only symptom corresponding to the increase in breath hydrogen among these participants was flatulence after A2 consumption. Surprisingly, flatulence was apparently higher for lactose-tolerant individuals when consuming Lactaid compared to A2. Conclusions: These findings suggest that adults who avoid conventional fluid milk consumption may experience minimal GI discomfort from lactose-free and\/or A1-free milks.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu17121946","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,6]],"date-time":"2025-06-06T06:11:08Z","timestamp":1749190268000},"page":"1946","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Lactase-Treated A2 Milk as a Feasible Conventional Milk Alternative: Results of a Randomized Controlled Crossover Trial to Assess Tolerance, Gastrointestinal Distress, and Preference for Milks Varying in Casein Types and Lactose Content"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-1531-3648","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laura A.","family":"Robinson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutritional Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA"},{"name":"College of Nursing, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aidan M.","family":"Cavanah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutritional Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA"},{"name":"College of Nursing, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah","family":"Lennon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutritional Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA"},{"name":"College of Nursing, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Madison L.","family":"Mattingly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Derick A.","family":"Anglin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4567-4677","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Melissa D.","family":"Boersma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7359-5362","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael D.","family":"Roberts","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9119-1380","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrew Dandridge","family":"Frug\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Nursing, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA"},{"name":"School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1421","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-013-0645-0","article-title":"Impact of a very low-energy diet on the fecal microbiota of obese individuals","volume":"53","author":"Simoes","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur. 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