{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T16:08:00Z","timestamp":1789142880876,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,7]],"date-time":"2025-06-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1749254400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004569","name":"Ministry of Science and Higher Education of Poland","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["N42\/DBS\/000166"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N42\/DBS\/000166"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004569","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Objectives: Iodine and selenium are key elements for thyroid. There is also evidence of their immunoregulatory potential. However, the current state of knowledge of potential interactions among iodine\u2014selenium\u2014thyroid\u2014immune system is not sufficient. The aim of the study was to evaluate iodine and selenium statuses and examine the relationship between them and the functioning of the thyroid and immune system in a group of women of reproductive age, without previously diagnosed disease. Methods: The study involved a group of 60 women aged 19\u201340 from southern Poland. The concentrations of iodine and selenium were determined in serum samples using the ICP-MS and AAS methods, respectively. Thyroid function was assessed by determining serum levels of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), free thyroxine (fT4), and anti-thyroid peroxidase antibodies (anti-TPO) by electrochemiluminescence methods. Glutathione peroxidase 3 (GPX3) and ferric ion reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) in serum were measured by spectrophotometric methods. Immune functions were evaluated by analyzing cytokine levels using ELISA tests, including interferon-\u03b3, interleukin-4, interleukin-17, and transforming growth factor-\u03b2. Results: No significant correlations between selenium and thyroid or immunological parameters were observed. The level of iodine in serum positively correlated with free thyroxine, indicating its importance for maintaining normal thyroid function, as well as with FRAP in serum, suggesting a protective role of iodine-mediated antioxidant activity on thyroid function. Conclusions: Our results underline the complexity of the system of correlations between iodine\u2013selenium\u2013thyroid\u2013immune function. Nevertheless, understanding them may turn out to be crucial for developing preventive and therapeutic strategies in the context of thyroid diseases.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu17121952","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,9]],"date-time":"2025-06-09T04:23:02Z","timestamp":1749442982000},"page":"1952","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Iodine and Selenium Status in Relation to Thyroid and Immune Functions\u2014The Analysis of Their Dependencies in a Group of Women of Reproductive Age from the Southern Region of Poland"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4819-9085","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jadwiga","family":"Kryczyk-Kozio\u0142","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Chemistry and Nutrition, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Krak\u00f3w, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ewelina","family":"Prochownik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Chemistry and Nutrition, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Krak\u00f3w, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Justyna","family":"Dobrowolska-Iwanek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Chemistry and Nutrition, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Krak\u00f3w, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4821-4492","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pawe\u0142","family":"Pa\u015bko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Chemistry and Nutrition, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Krak\u00f3w, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1157-1074","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Krzysztof","family":"Kleszcz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Department of Chemistry, University of Applied Sciences in Tarn\u00f3w, Mickiewicza 8, 33-100 Tarnow, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7071-8072","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Renata","family":"Francik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Academy of Applied Sciences in Nowy S\u0105cz, Ko\u015bciuszki 2G, 33-300 Nowy S\u0105cz, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Halina","family":"Potok","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Academy of Applied Sciences in Nowy S\u0105cz, Ko\u015bciuszki 2G, 33-300 Nowy S\u0105cz, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8897-5774","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Magdalena","family":"Nieckula","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Institute, Academy of Applied Sciences in Nowy Targ, Kokoszk\u00f3w 71, 34-400 Nowy Targ, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Urszula","family":"Ciso\u0144-Apanasewicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Academy of Applied Sciences in Nowy S\u0105cz, Ko\u015bciuszki 2G, 33-300 Nowy S\u0105cz, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paulina","family":"Jab\u0142o\u0144ska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Institute, Academy of Applied Sciences in Nowy Targ, Kokoszk\u00f3w 71, 34-400 Nowy Targ, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dorota","family":"Ogonowska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Academy of Applied Sciences in Nowy S\u0105cz, Ko\u015bciuszki 2G, 33-300 Nowy S\u0105cz, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gra\u017cyna","family":"Kuzera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Academy of Applied Sciences in Nowy S\u0105cz, Ko\u015bciuszki 2G, 33-300 Nowy S\u0105cz, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Miros\u0142aw","family":"Kro\u015bniak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Chemistry and Nutrition, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Krak\u00f3w, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0287-4735","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sanja","family":"Klobu\u010dar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Clinical Hospital Centre Rijeka, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Kre\u0161imirova 42, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5101-036X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pawe\u0142","family":"Zagrodzki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Chemistry and Nutrition, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Krak\u00f3w, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R65","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-21-1171","article-title":"The Interplay of Thyroid Hormones and the Immune System\u2014Where We Stand and Why We Need to Know about It","volume":"186","author":"Wenzek","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur. 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