{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,13]],"date-time":"2026-02-13T08:17:57Z","timestamp":1770970677074,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,10]],"date-time":"2025-06-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1749513600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Albacete, Albacete, Spain"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Immunomodulatory treatments targeting excessive host immune responses favorably shifting the course of COVID-19. High doses of calcifediol may reduce the mortality of this infection. Objective: To evaluate how a high dose of calcifediol modifies the risk of death in patients hospitalized with COVID-19 during the first outbreaks. Design: A retrospective, observational study to evaluate the relationship between treatment with calcifediol and the risk of death in patients hospitalized with COVID-19 at the \u201cComplejo Hospitalario Universitario de Albacete\u201d (CHUA), Spain, during the months of January to March 2021. Patients were treated with corticosteroids, and some patients also received baricitinib and\/or high doses of calcifediol, according to CHUA\u2019s therapeutic protocol 2021 for COVID-19. The primary outcome measure was mortality according to calcifediol treatment. Results: A total of 230 patients were included. 25(OH)D levels were measured on admission in 148 patients, showing a high prevalence of vitamin D deficiency [median 25(OH)D: 17.5 ng\/mL]. Thirty-four (23%) had severe deficiency (25(OH)D \u2264 10 ng\/mL). In the 119 patients (51.7%) who received in-hospital treatment with a high dose of calcifediol, the mortality rate was 12.6% (15 cases, 95% confidence interval [CI], 7.8\u201319.8%), while in 111 patients who did not receive treatment with calcifediol, the death rate was 23.4% (26 cases, 95% CI: 16.5\u201332.1%; p = 0.039). The odds ratio (OR) in treated vs. untreated patients was 0.47 (95% CI: 0.23\u20130.95). Among the patients admitted with severe deficiency, 16 received treatment with calcifediol, with a mortality rate of 0.0% (0 cases, 95% CI: 0.0\u201319.4%), while in the 18 not treated with calcifediol, a death rate of 38.9% was observed (7 cases, 95% CI: 20.3\u201361.4%; p = 0.008). The mortality rate was lower in patients treated with the combination of calcifediol and corticosteroids vs. those treated with corticosteroids alone (p = 0.038) and vs. those treated with corticosteroids and baricitinib (p = 0.033). Conclusions: In the ALBACOVIDIOL study, calcifediol treatment was associated with a lower observed mortality rate in hospitalized patients with COVID-19 treated with corticosteroids (with or without baricitinib), especially in those with severe vitamin D deficiency. Causality cannot be inferred due to the retrospective study design. (Public database: ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT05819918).<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu17121968","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,10]],"date-time":"2025-06-10T06:48:56Z","timestamp":1749538136000},"page":"1968","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["ALBACOVIDIOL Study: Effect of Calcifediol Treatment on Mortality in Patients Hospitalized for COVID-19: A Retrospective Analysis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2660-8546","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9 Antonio","family":"Bl\u00e1zquez-Cabrera","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Internal Medicine Department, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Albacete, 02008 Albacete, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3272-587X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Javier","family":"Torres-Hern\u00e1ndez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Biochemistry Department, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Albacete, 02008 Albacete, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Roger","family":"Bouillon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, Department of Chronic Diseases and Metabolism, KU Leuven, Herestraat, 3000 Leuven, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8520-8278","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonio","family":"Casado-D\u00edaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidad de Gesti\u00f3n Cl\u00ednica de Endocrinolog\u00eda y Nutrici\u00f3n-GC17, Instituto Maim\u00f3nides de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica de C\u00f3rdoba (IMIBIC), Hospital Universitario Reina Sof\u00eda, 14004 C\u00f3rdoba, Spain"},{"name":"CIBER de Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable (CIBERFES), 14004 C\u00f3rdoba, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9 Manuel","family":"Quesada-Gomez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidad de Gesti\u00f3n Cl\u00ednica de Endocrinolog\u00eda y Nutrici\u00f3n-GC17, Instituto Maim\u00f3nides de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica de C\u00f3rdoba (IMIBIC), Hospital Universitario Reina Sof\u00eda, 14004 C\u00f3rdoba, Spain"},{"name":"CIBER de Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable (CIBERFES), 14004 C\u00f3rdoba, Spain"},{"name":"Departamento de Enfermer\u00eda, Farmacolog\u00eda y Fisioterapia, Universidad de C\u00f3rdoba, 14004 C\u00f3rdoba, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"Navarro-Casado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Biochemistry Department, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Albacete, 02008 Albacete, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1093\/polsoc\/puab018","article-title":"Long-Term Policy Impacts of the Coronavirus: Normalization, Adaptation, and Acceleration in the Post-COVID State","volume":"41","author":"Capano","year":"2022","journal-title":"Policy Soc."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ranabhat, C.L., Jakovljevic, M., Kim, C.B., and Simkhada, P. 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