{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T00:29:10Z","timestamp":1791851350884,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":146,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,14]],"date-time":"2025-06-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1749859200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Fresenius Kabi (Bad Homburg vor der H\u00f6he, Germany)"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Dietary management is a pillar of chronic kidney disease (CKD) treatment. While some rules are the same as dietary prescriptions for the general population and those suffering from other chronic diseases (energy intake, salt intake, avoidance of ultra-processed food and limited intake of animal fats), in non-dialysis-dependent patients living with CKD, the specific focus is on protein intake. Low-protein diets (LPDs) and supplemented very low protein diets (sVLPDs) have been successfully employed to decrease the symptoms of people living with non-dialysis-dependent CKD, delay the progression of the disease and retard the need for dialysis. Randomized clinical trials have yielded conflicting results on efficacy, resulting in conflicting guidelines. Concerns about the risk of malnutrition (specifically when the main source of proteins is plant-derived), electrolyte imbalances, and energy intake, and the idea that adherence is difficult, jeopardize the use and wide application of LPDs and sVLPDs. That dietary management focuses mainly on nutrients while dietary quality occupies second place is also an erroneous concept that requires discussion. In September 2023, a group of experts composed of nephrologists and dieticians gathered in Frankfurt, Germany, to try to reconcile the different guideline indications and address most of the common doubts of final dispatchers to increase the prescription of \u201crenal diets\u201d and improve people living with CKD\u2019s adherence to them.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu17122002","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,16]],"date-time":"2025-06-16T05:28:33Z","timestamp":1750051713000},"page":"2002","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Dos and Don\u2019ts in Kidney Nutrition: Practical Considerations of a Panel of Experts on Protein Restriction and Plant-Based Diets for Patients Living with Chronic Kidney Disease"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5561-948X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Massimo","family":"Torreggiani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"N\u00e9phrologie et Dialyse, Centre Hospitalier Le Mans, 72037 Le Mans, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4458-8358","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carla Maria","family":"Avesani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Renal Medicine, Baxter Novum, Department of Clinical Science Intervention and Technology, Karolinska Institutet, 14186 Stockholm, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Barbara","family":"Contzen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NephroLogik\u2014Ern\u00e4hrungstherapie bei Chronischer Niereninsuffizienz, 51465 Bergisch Gladbach, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8995-936X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adamasco","family":"Cupisti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Nephrology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sylwia","family":"Czaja-Stolc","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical University of Gdansk, 80-211 Gdansk, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2313-5461","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Claudia","family":"D\u2019Alessandro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Nephrology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liliana","family":"Garneata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine and Nephrology, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abril","family":"Guti\u00e9rrez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sociedad Mexicana de Etudios en Ciencias de la Salud, Mexico City 06760, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fran\u00e7oise","family":"Lippi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"N\u00e9phrologie et Dialyse, Centre Hospitalier Le Mans, 72037 Le Mans, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carmen Antonia","family":"Mocanu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine and Nephrology, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2098-7597","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alice","family":"Sabatino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Renal Medicine, Baxter Novum, Department of Clinical Science Intervention and Technology, Karolinska Institutet, 14186 Stockholm, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2632-4009","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giorgina Barbara","family":"Piccoli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"N\u00e9phrologie et Dialyse, Centre Hospitalier Le Mans, 72037 Le Mans, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"773","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI101093","article-title":"Diet and Death in Acute Uremia","volume":"18","author":"Addis","year":"1939","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S1","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2020.05.006","article-title":"KDOQI Clinical Practice Guideline for Nutrition in CKD: 2020 Update","volume":"76","author":"Ikizler","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Kidney Dis."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.kint.2023.10.018","article-title":"KDIGO 2024 Clinical Practice Guideline for the Evaluation and Management of Chronic Kidney Disease","volume":"105","author":"Stevens","year":"2024","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfx294","article-title":"Con: The role of diet for people with advanced Stage 5 CKD","volume":"33","author":"Woodrow","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nephrol. Dial. Transplant."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"790","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfz147","article-title":"Dietary satisfaction and quality of life in chronic kidney disease patients on low-protein diets: A multicentre study with long-term outcome data (TOrino-Pisa study)","volume":"35","author":"Piccoli","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nephrol. Dial. Transplant."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fois, A., Torreggiani, M., Trabace, T., Chatrenet, A., Longhitano, E., Maze, B., Lippi, F., Vigreux, J., Beaumont, C., and Moio, M.R. (2021). Quality of Life in CKD Patients on Low-Protein Diets in a Multiple-Choice Diet System. Comparison between a French and an Italian Experience. Nutrients, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13041354"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100643","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xkme.2023.100643","article-title":"Lifestyle Interventions, Kidney Disease Progression, and Quality of Life: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis","volume":"5","author":"Neale","year":"2023","journal-title":"Kidney Med."},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"Sch\u00fcnemann, H., Bro\u017cek, J., Guyatt, G., and Oxman, A. (2024, December 09). GRADE Handbook. Handbook for Grading the Quality of Evidence and the Strength of Recommendations Using the GRADE Approach; Updated October 2013. Available online: https:\/\/gdt.gradepro.org\/app\/handbook\/handbook.html#h.hnedbo8gqjqk."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1299","DOI":"10.1016\/0140-6736(91)92977-A","article-title":"Prospective, randomised, multicentre trial of effect of protein restriction on progression of chronic renal insufficiency. Northern Italian Cooperative Study Group","volume":"337","author":"Locatelli","year":"1991","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"877","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199403313301301","article-title":"The effects of dietary protein restriction and blood-pressure control on the progression of chronic renal disease. Modification of Diet in Renal Disease Study Group","volume":"330","author":"Klahr","year":"1994","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2164","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2015040369","article-title":"Ketoanalogue-Supplemented Vegetarian Very Low-Protein Diet and CKD Progression","volume":"27","author":"Garneata","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1404","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqab417","article-title":"No additional benefit of prescribing a very low-protein diet in patients with advanced chronic kidney disease under regular nephrology care: A pragmatic, randomized, controlled trial","volume":"115","author":"Bellizzi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"De Mauri, A., Carrera, D., Vidali, M., Bagnati, M., Rolla, R., Riso, S., Torreggiani, M., and Chiarinotti, D. (2022). Compliance, Adherence and Concordance Differently Predict the Improvement of Uremic and Microbial Toxins in Chronic Kidney Disease on Low Protein Diet. Nutrients, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14030487"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151402","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2023.151402","article-title":"Personalized Low-Protein Diet Prescription in CKD Population: Merging Evidence From Randomized Trials With Observational Data","volume":"43","author":"Torreggiani","year":"2023","journal-title":"Semin. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fois, A., Chatrenet, A., Cataldo, E., Lippi, F., Kaniassi, A., Vigreux, J., Froger, L., Mongilardi, E., Capizzi, I., and Biolcati, M. (2018). Moderate Protein Restriction in Advanced CKD: A Feasible Option in An Elderly, High-Comorbidity Population. A Stepwise Multiple-Choice System Approach. Nutrients, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11010036"},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"CD001892","article-title":"Low protein diets for non-diabetic adults with chronic kidney disease","volume":"10","author":"Hahn","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1007\/s40620-024-02158-5","article-title":"Clinical trial emulation in nephrology","volume":"38","author":"Zoccali","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.316.7128.360","article-title":"Understanding controlled trials. What is a patient preference trial?","volume":"316","author":"Torgerson","year":"1998","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9343(52)90342-2","article-title":"Forced high caloric, low protein diet and the treatment of uremia","volume":"12","author":"Kolff","year":"1952","journal-title":"Am. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"479","article-title":"The place of the low protein diet in the treatment of chronic uraemia","volume":"7","author":"Monasterio","year":"1965","journal-title":"Panminerva. Med."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"590","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/21.6.590","article-title":"Dietetic products, treatment of chronic uremia, and the Giordano-Giovannetti low protein diet","volume":"21","author":"Salteri","year":"1968","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/21.6.631","article-title":"Assessment of adherence to protein-restricted diets during conservative management of uremia","volume":"21","author":"Sorensen","year":"1968","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"S96","article-title":"Protein-restricted diets in chronic renal failure: A four year follow-up shows limited indications","volume":"27","author":"Rosman","year":"1989","journal-title":"Kidney Int. Suppl."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"K\/DOQI, National Kidney Foundation (2000). Clinical practice guidelines for nutrition in chronic renal failure. Am. J. Kidney Dis., 35, S17\u2013S104.","DOI":"10.1053\/ajkd.2000.v35.aajkd03517"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.1159\/000189341","article-title":"A low-nitrogen low-phosphorus Vegan diet for patients with chronic renal failure","volume":"74","author":"Barsotti","year":"1996","journal-title":"Nephron"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2023.05.007","article-title":"Association of Plant Protein Intake With Risk of Incident CKD: A UK Biobank Study","volume":"82","author":"Heo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Am. J. Kidney Dis."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1038\/s41581-020-0297-2","article-title":"Plant-based diets to manage the risks and complications of chronic kidney disease","volume":"16","author":"Carrero","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Neufingerl, N., and Eilander, A. (2021). Nutrient Intake and Status in Adults Consuming Plant-Based Diets Compared to Meat-Eaters: A Systematic Review. Nutrients, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14010029"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3503","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2020.11.035","article-title":"Intake and adequacy of the vegan diet. A systematic review of the evidence","volume":"40","author":"Bakaloudi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"725","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfx085","article-title":"Mediterranean diet as the diet of choice for patients with chronic kidney disease","volume":"33","author":"Chauveau","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nephrol. Dial. Transplant."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kalantar-Zadeh, K., Joshi, S., Schlueter, R., Cooke, J., Brown-Tortorici, A., Donnelly, M., Schulman, S., Lau, W.L., Rhee, C.M., and Streja, E. (2020). Plant-Dominant Low-Protein Diet for Conservative Management of Chronic Kidney Disease. Nutrients, 12.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202005.0516.v1"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mad.2014.01.002","article-title":"Healthy aging diets other than the Mediterranean: A focus on the Okinawan diet","volume":"136","author":"Willcox","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mech. Ageing Dev."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1296","DOI":"10.1016\/j.kint.2019.01.026","article-title":"The Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) diet in chronic kidney disease: Should we embrace it?","volume":"95","author":"Raphael","year":"2019","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1433","DOI":"10.1016\/j.kint.2018.12.027","article-title":"Poor accordance to a DASH dietary pattern is associated with higher risk of ESRD among adults with moderate chronic kidney disease and hypertension","volume":"95","author":"Banerjee","year":"2019","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Marrone, G., Di Lauro, M., Cornali, K., Masci, C., Vanni, G., Vita, C., and Noce, A. (2025). Sustainability and role of plant-based diets in chronic kidney disease prevention and treatment. Front. Pharmacol., 16.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2025.1562409"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1042","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajcnut.2023.08.008","article-title":"Health effects of the New Nordic Renal Diet in patients with stage 3 and 4 chronic kidney disease, compared with habitual diet: A randomized trial","volume":"118","author":"Kamper","year":"2023","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"sfad273","DOI":"10.1093\/ckj\/sfad273","article-title":"Ketogenic metabolic therapy for chronic kidney disease\u2014The pro part","volume":"17","author":"Weimbs","year":"2024","journal-title":"Clin. Kidney J."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"sfad274","DOI":"10.1093\/ckj\/sfad274","article-title":"Risks of the ketogenic diet in CKD\u2014The con part","volume":"17","author":"Joshi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Clin. Kidney J."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"F919","DOI":"10.1152\/ajprenal.00068.2011","article-title":"The Western-style diet: A major risk factor for impaired kidney function and chronic kidney disease","volume":"301","author":"Odermatt","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Renal. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Costa, D., Patella, G., Provenzano, M., Ielapi, N., Faga, T., Zicarelli, M., Arturi, F., Coppolino, G., Bolignano, D., and De Sarro, G. (2023). Hyperkalemia in CKD: An overview of available therapeutic strategies. Front. Med., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2023.1178140"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1159\/000479802","article-title":"Association of Serum Potassium with All-Cause Mortality in Patients with and without Heart Failure, Chronic Kidney Disease, and\/or Diabetes","volume":"46","author":"Collins","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ceccanti, C., Guidi, L., D\u2019Alessandro, C., and Cupisti, A. (2022). Potassium Bioaccessibility in Uncooked and Cooked Plant Foods: Results from a Static In Vitro Digestion Methodology. Toxins, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins14100668"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1053\/j.jrn.2020.08.001","article-title":"Treatment of Chronic Kidney Disease-Related Metabolic Acidosis With Fruits and Vegetables Compared to NaHCO(3) Yields More and Better Overall Health Outcomes and at Comparable Five-Year Cost","volume":"31","author":"Goraya","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Ren. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Noce, A., Marrone, G., Wilson Jones, G., Di Lauro, M., Pietroboni Zaitseva, A., Ramadori, L., Celotto, R., Mitterhofer, A.P., and Di Daniele, N. (2021). Nutritional Approaches for the Management of Metabolic Acidosis in Chronic Kidney Disease. Nutrients, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13082534"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cigarran Guldris, S., Latorre Catala, J.A., Sanjurjo Amado, A., Menendez Granados, N., and Pineiro Varela, E. (2022). Fibre Intake in Chronic Kidney Disease: What Fibre Should We Recommend?. Nutrients, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14204419"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1370","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.02830409","article-title":"Phosphorus and potassium content of enhanced meat and poultry products: Implications for patients who receive dialysis","volume":"4","author":"Sherman","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1053\/j.jrn.2020.07.001","article-title":"Handouts for Low-Potassium Diets Disproportionately Restrict Fruits and Vegetables","volume":"31","author":"Picard","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Ren. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9343(93)90081-Y","article-title":"Glucose modulation of the disposal of an acute potassium load in patients with end-stage renal disease","volume":"94","author":"Allon","year":"1993","journal-title":"Am. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1206","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.1991.152","article-title":"Modulation of the secretion of potassium by accompanying anions in humans","volume":"39","author":"Carlisle","year":"1991","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1053\/j.jrn.2016.02.005","article-title":"Nutrient Non-equivalence: Does Restricting High-Potassium Plant Foods Help to Prevent Hyperkalemia in Hemodialysis Patients?","volume":"26","author":"Goldfarb","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Ren. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cecchini, V., Sabatino, A., Contzen, B., and Avesani, C.M. (2025). Food additives containing potassium, phosphorus, and sodium in ultra-processed foods: Potential harms to individuals with chronic kidney disease. Eur. J. Clin. Nutr.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41430-025-01600-6"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2049","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfaa232","article-title":"Does dietary potassium intake associate with hyperkalemia in patients with chronic kidney disease?","volume":"36","author":"Ramos","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nephrol. Dial. Transplant."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.112.034413","article-title":"Sodium and potassium intakes among US adults: NHANES 2003\u20132008","volume":"96","author":"Cogswell","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2027","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-023-03128-6","article-title":"Global mean potassium intake: A systematic review and Bayesian meta-analysis","volume":"62","author":"Reddin","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"700","DOI":"10.1016\/j.kint.2022.04.046","article-title":"Recommendations on nutritional intake of potassium in CKD: It\u2019s now time to be more flexible!","volume":"102","author":"Garofalo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Borrelli, S., De Nicola, L., Minutolo, R., Conte, G., Chiodini, P., Cupisti, A., Santoro, D., Calabrese, V., Giannese, D., and Garofalo, C. (2021). Current Management of Hyperkalemia in Non-Dialysis CKD: Longitudinal Study of Patients Receiving Stable Nephrology Care. Nutrients, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13030942"},{"key":"ref_57","first-page":"e71523","article-title":"Sodium Polystyrene Sulfonate-Induced Massive Bowel Necrosis With Distant Extraintestinal Crystal Deposition: A Case Report and Review of the Literature","volume":"16","author":"Brezic","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"546","DOI":"10.1016\/j.kint.2015.11.018","article-title":"Treatment of hyperkalemia: Something old, something new","volume":"89","author":"Sterns","year":"2016","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"719","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajcnut.2024.06.025","article-title":"Plant-based diet in hyperkalemic chronic kidney disease patients receiving sodium zirconium cyclosilicate: A feasibility clinical trial","volume":"120","author":"Avesani","year":"2024","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2021070942","article-title":"Hyperkalemia Risk with Finerenone: Results from the FIDELIO-DKD Trial","volume":"33","author":"Agarwal","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cupisti, A., Giannese, D., Moriconi, D., D\u2019Alessandro, C., Torreggiani, M., and Piccoli, G.B. (2020). Nephroprotection by SGLT2i in CKD Patients: May It Be Modulated by Low-Protein Plant-Based Diets?. Front. Med., 7.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2020.622593"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.1111\/1744-9987.14177","article-title":"Current therapeutic approach of chronic kidney disease-mineral and bone disorder","volume":"28","author":"Zaimi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ther. Apher. Dial."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2562","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfad100","article-title":"Association between CKD-MBD and mortality in older patients with advanced CKD-results from the EQUAL study","volume":"38","author":"Magagnoli","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nephrol. Dial. Transplant."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ackd.2011.01.001","article-title":"The roles of the skeleton and phosphorus in the CKD mineral bone disorder","volume":"18","author":"Hruska","year":"2011","journal-title":"Adv. Chronic Kidney Dis."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"D\u2019Alessandro, C., Piccoli, G.B., and Cupisti, A. (2015). The \u201cphosphorus pyramid\u201d: A visual tool for dietary phosphate management in dialysis and CKD patients. BMC Nephrol., 16.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2369-16-9"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1053\/j.jrn.2011.07.004","article-title":"Differences among total and in vitro digestible phosphorus content of meat and milk products","volume":"22","author":"Karp","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Ren. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.1053\/j.jrn.2011.04.004","article-title":"Differences among total and in vitro digestible phosphorus content of plant foods and beverages","volume":"22","author":"Karp","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Ren. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"739","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nut.2013.12.010","article-title":"Bioavailable dietary phosphate, a mediator of cardiovascular disease, may be decreased with plant-based diets, phosphate binders, niacin, and avoidance of phosphate additives","volume":"30","author":"McCarty","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nutrition"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1765","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1700312","article-title":"Nutritional Management of Chronic Kidney Disease","volume":"377","author":"Fouque","year":"2017","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2016.11.013","article-title":"FGF23-alphaKlotho as a paradigm for a kidney-bone network","volume":"100","author":"Kuro","year":"2017","journal-title":"Bone"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1093\/ckj\/sfae291","article-title":"Approaches to patients with obesity and CKD: Focus on nutrition and surgery","volume":"17","author":"Bellizzi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Clin. Kidney J."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1082","DOI":"10.1381\/0960892054621350","article-title":"Estimating ideal body weight--a new formula","volume":"15","author":"Lemmens","year":"2005","journal-title":"Obes. Surg."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1197","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.115.121178","article-title":"Universal equation for estimating ideal body weight and body weight at any BMI","volume":"103","author":"Peterson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_74","first-page":"1016","article-title":"Determination of ideal body weight for drug dosage calculations","volume":"40","author":"Robinson","year":"1983","journal-title":"Am. J. Hosp. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_75","first-page":"650","article-title":"Clinical Pharmacy: Case Studies:Case Number 25 Gentamicin Therapy","volume":"8","author":"McCarron","year":"1974","journal-title":"Drug Intell. Clin. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1066","DOI":"10.1345\/aph.19381","article-title":"The origin of the \u201cideal\u201d body weight equations","volume":"34","author":"Pai","year":"2000","journal-title":"Ann. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_77","first-page":"73","article-title":"Therapy: Changing dietary concepts","volume":"1","author":"Hamwi","year":"1964","journal-title":"Diabetes Mellit. Diagn. Treat."},{"key":"ref_78","first-page":"1622","article-title":"Determining ideal body weight (and mass)","volume":"40","author":"Miller","year":"1983","journal-title":"Am. J. Hosp. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nahler, G. (2009). Lorentz-formula. Dictionary of Pharmaceutical Medicine, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-211-89836-9"},{"key":"ref_80","first-page":"S94","article-title":"Adjusted body weight for obesity","volume":"3","author":"Karkeck","year":"1984","journal-title":"Am. Diet. Assoc. Ren. Pract. Group Newsl."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109943","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejrad.2021.109943","article-title":"Methodology, clinical applications, and future directions of body composition analysis using computed tomography (CT) images: A review","volume":"145","author":"Tolonen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. J. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1159\/000521241","article-title":"Definition and Diagnostic Criteria for Sarcopenic Obesity: ESPEN and EASO Consensus Statement","volume":"15","author":"Donini","year":"2022","journal-title":"Obes. Facts"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3205","DOI":"10.1007\/s00261-021-03294-3","article-title":"Sarcopenia: Imaging assessment and clinical application","volume":"47","author":"Chianca","year":"2022","journal-title":"Abdom. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1007\/s40620-021-01167-y","article-title":"Low skeletal muscle mass by computerized tomography is associated with increased mortality risk in end-stage kidney disease patients on hemodialysis","volume":"35","author":"Sabatino","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ki.5002585","article-title":"A proposed nomenclature and diagnostic criteria for protein-energy wasting in acute and chronic kidney disease","volume":"73","author":"Fouque","year":"2008","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.1053\/j.jrn.2018.08.006","article-title":"Global Prevalence of Protein-Energy Wasting in Kidney Disease: A Meta-analysis of Contemporary Observational Studies From the International Society of Renal Nutrition and Metabolism","volume":"28","author":"Carrero","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Ren. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Piccoli, G.B., Lippi, F., Fois, A., Gendrot, L., Nielsen, L., Vigreux, J., Chatrenet, A., D\u2019Alessandro, C., Cabiddu, G., and Cupisti, A. (2020). Intradialytic Nutrition and Hemodialysis Prescriptions: A Personalized Stepwise Approach. Nutrients, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12030785"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"662","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/87.3.662","article-title":"Alkaline diets favor lean tissue mass in older adults","volume":"87","author":"Harris","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"905","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/glu215","article-title":"Association Between Estimated Net Endogenous Acid Production and Subsequent Decline in Muscle Mass Over Four Years in Ambulatory Older Chinese People in Hong Kong: A Prospective Cohort Study","volume":"70","author":"Chan","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Gerontol. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1899","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-012-2203-7","article-title":"A higher alkaline dietary load is associated with greater indexes of skeletal muscle mass in women","volume":"24","author":"Welch","year":"2013","journal-title":"Osteoporos. Int."},{"key":"ref_91","unstructured":"United Nations (2024). World Population Prospects 2024: Summary of Results, United Nations. UN DESA\/POP\/2024\/TR\/NO. 9."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"The Lancet Gastroenterology & Hepatology (2021). Obesity: Another ongoing pandemic. Lancet Gastroenterol. Hepatol., 6, 411.","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-1253(21)00143-6"},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1038\/s41581-024-00820-6","article-title":"Chronic kidney disease and the global public health agenda: An international consensus","volume":"20","author":"Francis","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2018.05.024","article-title":"ESPEN guideline on clinical nutrition and hydration in geriatrics","volume":"38","author":"Volkert","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Torreggiani, M., Fois, A., Moio, M.R., Chatrenet, A., Maze, B., Lippi, F., Vigreux, J., Beaumont, C., Santagati, G., and Paulin, N. (2021). Spontaneously Low Protein Intake in Elderly CKD Patients: Myth or Reality? Analysis of Baseline Protein Intake in a Large Cohort of Patients with Advanced CKD. Nutrients, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13124371"},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"724","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.2012.420","article-title":"The mean dietary protein intake at different stages of chronic kidney disease is higher than current guidelines","volume":"83","author":"Moore","year":"2013","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"sfae405","DOI":"10.1093\/ckj\/sfae405","article-title":"The ERA Registry Annual Report 2022: Epidemiology of Kidney Replacement Therapy in Europe, with a focus on sex comparisons","volume":"18","author":"Boenink","year":"2025","journal-title":"Clin. Kidney J."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-146-3-200702060-00006","article-title":"Octogenarians and nonagenarians starting dialysis in the United States","volume":"146","author":"Kurella","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ann. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ackd.2010.03.010","article-title":"Chronic kidney disease and end-stage renal disease in the elderly population: Current prevalence, future projections, and clinical significance","volume":"17","author":"Stevens","year":"2010","journal-title":"Adv. Chronic. Kidney Dis."},{"key":"ref_100","unstructured":"United States Renal Data System (2024). 2024 USRDS Annual Data Report: Epidemiology of Kidney Disease in the United States."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"sfad240","DOI":"10.1093\/ckj\/sfad240","article-title":"Twenty years of the French Renal Epidemiology and Information Network","volume":"17","author":"Kazes","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin. Kidney J."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2023.01.018","article-title":"Nutritional status and the risk of malnutrition in older adults with chronic kidney disease\u2014implications for low protein intake and nutritional care: A critical review endorsed by ERN-ERA and ESPEN","volume":"42","author":"Piccoli","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_103","unstructured":"Claire Baseley (2025, April 25). The Truth About Almond Milk. Available online: https:\/\/www.clairebaseley.co.uk\/2016\/10\/27\/the-truth-about-almond-milk\/?utm_source=chatgpt.com."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151404","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2023.151404","article-title":"Nutrition Education Models for Patients With Chronic Kidney Disease","volume":"43","author":"Khor","year":"2023","journal-title":"Semin. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2007.02.278","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of a very-low-protein diet when postponing dialysis in the elderly: A prospective randomized multicenter controlled study","volume":"49","author":"Brunori","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am. J. Kidney Dis."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1002\/jcsm.12264","article-title":"Low-protein diet for conservative management of chronic kidney disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis of controlled trials","volume":"9","author":"Rhee","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle"},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2426","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.V10112426","article-title":"Dietary protein restriction and the progression of chronic renal disease: What have all of the results of the MDRD study shown? Modification of Diet in Renal Disease Study group","volume":"10","author":"Levey","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tifs.2021.12.020","article-title":"Food proteins from animals and plants: Differences in the nutritional and functional properties","volume":"119","author":"Day","year":"2022","journal-title":"Trends Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Koppe, L., Cassani de Oliveira, M., and Fouque, D. (2019). Ketoacid Analogues Supplementation in Chronic Kidney Disease and Future Perspectives. Nutrients, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11092071"},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1053\/j.akdh.2023.08.003","article-title":"Medication Adherence Among Patients With Kidney Disease: An Umbrella Review","volume":"31","author":"Tesfaye","year":"2024","journal-title":"Adv. Kidney Dis. Health"},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"D\u2019Alessandro, C., Piccoli, G.B., Calella, P., Brunori, G., Pasticci, F., Egidi, M.F., Capizzi, I., Bellizzi, V., and Cupisti, A. (2016). \u201cDietaly\u201d: Practical issues for the nutritional management of CKD patients in Italy. BMC Nephrol., 17.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12882-016-0296-5"},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113939","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbusres.2023.113939","article-title":"Unconventional luxury: The reappropriation of time and substance","volume":"163","author":"Malone","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Bus. Res."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2021.10238","article-title":"Trends in Consumption of Ultraprocessed Foods Among US Youths Aged 2\u201319 Years, 1999-2018","volume":"326","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"476","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114522003361","article-title":"Trends in food consumption according to the degree of food processing among the UK population over 11 years","volume":"130","author":"Madruga","year":"2023","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqab305","article-title":"Ultra-processed food consumption among US adults from 2001 to 2018","volume":"115","author":"Juul","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1111\/obr.12107","article-title":"Ultra-processed products are becoming dominant in the global food system","volume":"14","author":"Monteiro","year":"2013","journal-title":"Obes. Rev."},{"key":"ref_117","unstructured":"Ver Ploeg, M., Breneman, V., Farrigan, T., Hamrick, K., Hopkins, D., Kaufman, P., Lin, B.-H., Nord, M., Smith, T., and Williams, R. (2009). Access to Affordable and Nutritious Food: Measuring and Understanding Food Deserts and Their Consequences: Report to Congress."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"912","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2015.07.017","article-title":"Food Access, Chronic Kidney Disease, and Hypertension in the U.S","volume":"49","author":"Suarez","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am. J. Prev. Med."},{"key":"ref_119","unstructured":"Monteiro, C.A., Cannon, G., Lawrence, M., Costa Louzada, M.L., and Pereira Machado, P. (2019). Ultra-Processed Foods, Diet Quality, and Health Using the NOVA Classification System, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100771","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lanepe.2023.100771","article-title":"Consumption of ultra-processed foods and risk of multimorbidity of cancer and cardiometabolic diseases: A multinational cohort study","volume":"35","author":"Cordova","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet. Reg. Health Eur."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1007\/s13668-024-00517-z","article-title":"Ultra-processed Food and Obesity: What Is the Evidence?","volume":"13","author":"Dicken","year":"2024","journal-title":"Curr. Nutr. Rep."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1646","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqac053","article-title":"Ultra-processed foods and risk of all-cause mortality in renal transplant recipients","volume":"115","author":"Oste","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2022.03.016","article-title":"Association Between Ultraprocessed Food Consumption and Risk of Incident CKD: A Prospective Cohort Study","volume":"80","author":"Du","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am. J. Kidney Dis."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kityo, A., and Lee, S.A. (2022). The Intake of Ultra-Processed Foods and Prevalence of Chronic Kidney Disease: The Health Examinees Study. Nutrients, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14173548"},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1541","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2022.05.004","article-title":"Food consumption based on the nutrient profile system underlying the Nutri-Score and renal function in older adults","volume":"41","author":"Banegas","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajcnut.2022.11.005","article-title":"Consumption of ultraprocessed food and development of chronic kidney disease: The Tianjin Chronic Low-Grade Systemic Inflammation and Health and UK Biobank Cohort Studies","volume":"117","author":"Gu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqac073","article-title":"Ultraprocessed food consumption and kidney function decline in a population-based cohort in the Netherlands","volume":"116","author":"Cai","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1723","DOI":"10.1093\/ckj\/sfad103","article-title":"Ultraprocessed foods and chronic kidney disease-double trouble","volume":"16","author":"Avesani","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin. Kidney J."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1093\/ckj\/sfac267","article-title":"Plant-based diets for CKD patients: Fascinating, trendy, but feasible? A green nephrology perspective","volume":"16","author":"Torreggiani","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin. Kidney J."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1016\/S1051-2276(01)38751-4","article-title":"Demineralization of a wide variety of foods for the renal patient","volume":"11","author":"Jones","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Ren. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1159\/000511539","article-title":"Quality or Quantity of Proteins in the Diet for CKD Patients: Does \u201cJunk Food\u201d Make a Difference? Lessons from a High-Risk Pregnancy","volume":"46","author":"Piccoli","year":"2021","journal-title":"Kidney Blood Press. Res."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"gfae069-0706","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfae069.706","article-title":"#2481 Reduction in ultra-processed food by providing medically tailored healthy food baskets to patients with CKD: The HELPFUL trial","volume":"39","author":"Avesani","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nephrol. Dial. Transplant."},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1080\/08998280.2017.11929552","article-title":"Improving health outcomes through patient education and partnerships with patients","volume":"30","author":"Paterick","year":"2017","journal-title":"Bayl. Univ. Med. Cent. Proc."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"972.e9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2018.03.015","article-title":"Estimating Time Physicians and Other Health Care Workers Spend with Patients in an Intensive Care Unit Using a Sensor Network","volume":"131","author":"Butler","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xkme.2020.08.001","article-title":"Person-Centered Kidney Education: The Path Forward","volume":"2","author":"Ladin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Kidney Med."},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"694","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.07680715","article-title":"Educating Patients about CKD: The Path to Self-Management and Patient-Centered Care","volume":"11","author":"Narva","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"686","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.2013.369","article-title":"Educational programs improve the preparation for dialysis and survival of patients with chronic kidney disease","volume":"85","author":"Li","year":"2014","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1007\/s40620-023-01817-3","article-title":"From ultra-processed foods towards healthy eating for CKD patients: A proposal of educational infographics","volume":"37","author":"Padial","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Piccoli, G.B., Nazha, M., Capizzi, I., Vigotti, F.N., Scognamiglio, S., Consiglio, V., Mongilardi, E., Bilocati, M., Avagnina, P., and Versino, E. (2016). Diet as a system: An observational study investigating a multi-choice system of moderately restricted low-protein diets. BMC Nephrol., 17.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12882-016-0413-5"},{"key":"ref_140","unstructured":"European Renal Association (ERA) (2025, March 25). Leaflets for Patients. Available online: https:\/\/www.era-online.org\/cookbook\/materials\/."},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2413","DOI":"10.1007\/s40620-023-01798-3","article-title":"Eating healthy is tasty: A message of enjoyment for kidney patients and health care providers","volume":"36","author":"Avesani","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"660","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/88.3.660","article-title":"Low-protein diet for diabetic nephropathy: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"88","author":"Pan","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e002934","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2013-002934","article-title":"Effect of low-protein diet on kidney function in diabetic nephropathy: Meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials","volume":"3","author":"Nezu","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1186\/s12944-018-0791-8","article-title":"Efficacy of low-protein diet for diabetic nephropathy: A systematic review of randomized controlled trials","volume":"17","author":"Zhu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lipids Health Dis."},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1038\/s41581-021-00518-z","article-title":"Patient-centred approaches for the management of unpleasant symptoms in kidney disease","volume":"18","author":"Lockwood","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1590\/2175-8239-jbn-2018-0028","article-title":"Conservative management for patients with chronic kidney disease refusing dialysis","volume":"41","author":"Castro","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Bras. Nefrol."}],"container-title":["Nutrients"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/17\/12\/2002\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T17:52:08Z","timestamp":1760032328000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/17\/12\/2002"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,14]]},"references-count":146,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]}},"alternative-id":["nu17122002"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu17122002","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6643"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6643","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,14]]}}}