{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T03:54:21Z","timestamp":1791345261472,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":112,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,16]],"date-time":"2025-06-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1750032000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Exercise-induced muscle damage (EIMD) initiates an inflammatory response that is essential for tissue repair. However, when prolonged or excessive, this response can impair recovery and muscular performance. Specialized pro-resolving mediators (SPMs), derived from the metabolism of omega-3 (n-3) polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), facilitate the resolution of inflammation without causing immunosuppression. Evidence from preclinical studies indicates that SPM administration accelerates muscle repair and functional recovery by enhancing the clearance of apoptotic cells, suppressing pro-inflammatory signaling and modulating macrophage polarization. However, translation to human applications remains limited as commercially available SPM-enriched marine oils do not contain active SPMs but rather their monohydroxylated precursors, including 14-Hydroxy-Docosahexaenoic Acid (14-HDHA), 17-Hydroxy-Docosahexaenoic Acid (17-HDHA), and 18-Hydroxy-Eicosapentaenoic Acid (18-HEPE) in addition to low doses of the n-3 PUFAs eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). Furthermore, the variable increases in circulating SPM concentrations as a result of dietary intake of EPA and DHA, whether from fish or fish oil supplements, and the wide diversity of SPM molecules (many of which remain under investigation), highlight the complexity of their structural and functional networks. While advances in lipidomics have identified SPMs and their pathway intermediates in human biological samples, further research is needed to determine optimal dosing strategies, delivery mechanisms, and the real impact of SPM-enriched marine oil on athletic performance and recovery. This narrative review examines the biological rationale and current evidence surrounding SPM-enriched marine oil supplementation and its potential to enhance muscle recovery following EIMD. By synthesizing findings from preclinical and human studies, the potential of SPM-enriched supplementation as a novel tool for optimizing performance recovery in athletic populations is reviewed to inform future research directions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu17122014","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,16]],"date-time":"2025-06-16T10:47:22Z","timestamp":1750070842000},"page":"2014","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["From Fish Oil to Resolution: A Narrative Review on the Potential of SPM-Enriched Marine Oil for Exercise-Induced Muscle Damage Recovery"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1753-284X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Leticia C.","family":"de Souza","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health, Human Performance, and Recreation, Baylor University, Waco, TX 76706, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0597-7737","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jose M.","family":"Moris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cerebrovascular & Cognition Laboratory, Department of Health Science, Texas A&M International University, Laredo, TX 78041, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4403-0888","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paul M.","family":"Gordon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health, Human Performance, and Recreation, Baylor University, Waco, TX 76706, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7071-9238","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jeffery L.","family":"Heileson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health, Human Performance, and Recreation, Baylor University, Waco, TX 76706, USA"},{"name":"Nutrition Services Division, Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, MD 20889, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6417-7601","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"LesLee K.","family":"Funderburk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health, Human Performance, and Recreation, Baylor University, Waco, TX 76706, USA"},{"name":"Department of Human Sciences and Design, Baylor University, Waco, TX 76706, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S52","DOI":"10.1097\/00002060-200211001-00007","article-title":"Exercise-Induced Muscle Damage in Humans","volume":"81","author":"Clarkson","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am. J. Phys. Med. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Franchi, M.V., Reeves, N.D., and Narici, M.V. (2017). Skeletal Muscle Remodeling in Response to Eccentric vs. Concentric Loading: Morphological, Molecular, and Metabolic Adaptations. Front. Physiol., 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2017.00447"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.24077","article-title":"Lengthening our perspective: Morphological, cellular, and molecular responses to eccentric exercise","volume":"49","author":"Hyldahl","year":"2014","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve"},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"521","article-title":"Structural and mechanical basis of exercise-induced muscle injury","volume":"24","author":"Lieber","year":"1992","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Sports Exerc."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-017-3543-y","article-title":"Effect of an acute dose of omega-3 fish oil following exercise-induced muscle damage","volume":"117","author":"Jakeman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"476","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0000000000003332","article-title":"Long-Chain Omega-3 Fatty Acid Supplementation and Exercise-Induced Muscle Damage: EPA or DHA?","volume":"56","author":"Heileson","year":"2024","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Sports Exerc."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ramos-Campo, D.J., \u00c1vila-Gand\u00eda, V., L\u00f3pez-Rom\u00e1n, F.J., Mi\u00f1arro, J., Contreras, C., Soto-M\u00e9ndez, F., Domingo Pedrol, J.C., and Luque-Rubia, A.J. (2020). Supplementation of Re-Esterified Docosahexaenoic and Eicosapentaenoic Acids Reduce Inflammatory and Muscle Damage Markers after Exercise in Endurance Athletes: A Randomized, Controlled Crossover Trial. Nutrients, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12030719"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"VanDusseldorp, T.A., Escobar, K.A., Johnson, K.E., Stratton, M.T., Moriarty, T., Kerksick, C.M., Mangine, G.T., Holmes, A.J., Lee, M., and Endito, M.R. (2020). Impact of Varying Dosages of Fish Oil on Recovery and Soreness Following Eccentric Exercise. Nutrients, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12082246"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1123\/ijsnem.2020-0238","article-title":"The Influence of Long-Chain Omega-3 Fatty Acids on Eccentric Exercise-Induced Delayed Muscle Soreness: Reported Outcomes Are Compromised by Study Design Issues","volume":"31","author":"Anthony","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Sport Nutr. Exerc. Metab."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cannataro, R., Abrego-Guandique, D.M., Straface, N., and Cione, E. (2024). Omega-3 and Sports: Focus on Inflammation. Life, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/life14101315"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jannas-Vela, S., Espinosa, A., Candia, A.A., Flores-Opazo, M., Pe\u00f1ailillo, L., and Valenzuela, R. (2023). The Role of Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids and Their Lipid Mediators on Skeletal Muscle Regeneration: A Narrative Review. Nutrients, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15040871"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1007\/s11894-018-0647-4","article-title":"Can Specialized Pro-resolving Mediators Deliver Benefit Originally Expected from Fish Oil?","volume":"20","author":"Rosenthal","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. Gastroenterol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"25","article-title":"Emerging roles of pro-resolving lipid mediators in immunological and adaptive responses to exercise-induced muscle injury","volume":"22","author":"Markworth","year":"2016","journal-title":"Exerc. Immunol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-024-04803-8","article-title":"Combining proteins with n-3 PUFAs (EPA + DHA) and their inflammation pro-resolution mediators for preservation of skeletal muscle mass","volume":"28","author":"Blaauw","year":"2024","journal-title":"Crit. Care"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tomczyk, M., Heileson, J.L., Babiarz, M., and Calder, P.C. (2023). Athletes Can Benefit from Increased Intake of EPA and DHA\u2014Evaluating the Evidence. Nutrients, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15234925"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1038\/nri2294","article-title":"Resolving inflammation: Dual anti-inflammatory and pro-resolution lipid mediators","volume":"8","author":"Serhan","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e137713","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.137713","article-title":"Resolvin D1 supports skeletal myofiber regeneration via actions on myeloid and muscle stem cells","volume":"5","author":"Markworth","year":"2020","journal-title":"JCI Insight"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.119.315506","article-title":"Enriched Marine Oil Supplements Increase Peripheral Blood Specialized Pro-Resolving Mediators Concentrations and Reprogram Host Immune Responses: A Randomized Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Study","volume":"126","author":"Souza","year":"2020","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1783","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/nxac075","article-title":"Enriched Marine Oil Supplement Increases Specific Plasma Specialized Pro-Resolving Mediators in Adults with Obesity","volume":"152","author":"Regan","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-020-02569-5","article-title":"Early evidence of efficacy for orally administered SPM-enriched marine lipid fraction on quality of life and pain in a sample of adults with chronic pain","volume":"18","author":"Callan","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ir\u00fan, P., Carrera-Lasfuentes, P., S\u00e1nchez-Luengo, M., Belio, \u00da., Domper-Arnal, M.J., Higuera, G.A., Hawkins, M., De La Rosa, X., and Lanas, A. (2023). Pharmacokinetics and Changes in Lipid Mediator Profiling after Consumption of Specialized Pro-Resolving Lipid-Mediator-Enriched Marine Oil in Healthy Subjects. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms242216143"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e016113","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.120.016113","article-title":"Treatment With a Marine Oil Supplement Alters Lipid Mediators and Leukocyte Phenotype in Healthy Patients and Those With Peripheral Artery Disease","volume":"9","author":"Schaller","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Am. Heart Assoc."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1186\/s41231-022-00131-7","article-title":"The effects of an SPM-enriched marine oil and bioavailable curcumin combination on inflammation-associated discomfort in generally healthy individuals: A virtual open-label pilot study","volume":"7","author":"Hirsh","year":"2022","journal-title":"Transl. Med. Commun."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gracia Aznar, A., Moreno Egea, F., Gracia Banzo, R., Gutierrez, R., Rizo, J.M., Rodriguez-Ledo, P., Nerin, I., and Regidor, P.-A. (2024). Pro-Resolving Inflammatory Effects of a Marine Oil Enriched in Specialized Pro-Resolving Mediators (SPMs) Supplement and Its Implication in Patients with Post-COVID Syndrome (PCS). Biomedicines, 12.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202407.2492.v1"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-023-04283-4","article-title":"Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study to evaluate the effect of treatment with an SPMs-enriched oil on chronic pain and inflammation, functionality, and quality of life in patients with symptomatic knee osteoarthritis: GAUDI study","volume":"21","author":"Rodas","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plefa.2016.03.004","article-title":"Specialised pro-resolving mediators of inflammation in inflammatory arthritis","volume":"107","author":"Barden","year":"2016","journal-title":"Prostaglandins Leukot. Essent. Fatty Acids"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2401","DOI":"10.1194\/jlr.M045583","article-title":"Short-term n-3 fatty acid supplementation but not aspirin increases plasma proresolving mediators of inflammation","volume":"55","author":"Barden","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Lipid Res."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1476","DOI":"10.1373\/clinchem.2012.190199","article-title":"Resolvins D1, D2, and Other Mediators of Self-Limited Resolution of Inflammation in Human Blood following n-3 Fatty Acid Supplementation","volume":"58","author":"Mas","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. Chem."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1251","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqz016","article-title":"Plasma oxylipins respond in a linear dose-response manner with increased intake of EPA and DHA: Results from a randomized controlled trial in healthy humans","volume":"109","author":"Ostermann","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mozurkewich, E.L., Greenwood, M., Clinton, C., Berman, D., Romero, V., Djuric, Z., Qualls, C., and Gronert, K. (2016). Pathway Markers for Pro-resolving Lipid Mediators in Maternal and Umbilical Cord Blood: A Secondary Analysis of the Mothers, Omega-3, and Mental Health Study. Front. Pharmacol., 7.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2016.00274"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"971","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114517002914","article-title":"Effects of prenatal n-3 fatty acid supplementation on offspring resolvins at birth and 12 years of age: A double-blind, randomised controlled clinical trial","volume":"118","author":"See","year":"2017","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biochi.2020.08.015","article-title":"Eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acid derived specialised pro-resolving mediators: Concentrations in humans and the effects of age, sex, disease and increased omega-3 fatty acid intake","volume":"178","author":"Calder","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biochimie"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Al-Shaer, A.E., Buddenbaum, N., and Shaikh, S.R. (2021). Polyunsaturated fatty acids, specialized pro-resolving mediators, and targeting inflammation resolution in the age of precision nutrition. Biochim. Biophys. Acta (BBA)-Mol. Cell Biol. Lipids, 1866.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbalip.2021.158936"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.4065\/83.3.324","article-title":"Omega-3 Fatty Acids for Cardioprotection","volume":"83","author":"Lee","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mayo Clin. Proc."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gerling, C.J., Mukai, K., Chabowski, A., Heigenhauser, G.J.F., Holloway, G.P., Spriet, L.L., and Jannas-Vela, S. (2019). Incorporation of Omega-3 Fatty Acids into Human Skeletal Muscle Sarcolemmal and Mitochondrial Membranes Following 12 Weeks of Fish Oil Supplementation. Front. Physiol., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2019.00348"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S1505","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.6.1505S","article-title":"n\u22123 Polyunsaturated fatty acids, inflammation, and inflammatory diseases","volume":"83","author":"Calder","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2125.2012.04374.x","article-title":"Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and inflammatory processes: Nutrition or pharmacology?","volume":"75","author":"Calder","year":"2013","journal-title":"Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1016\/S0753-3322(02)00253-6","article-title":"The importance of the ratio of omega-6\/omega-3 essential fatty acids","volume":"56","author":"Simopoulos","year":"2002","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/54.3.438","article-title":"Omega-3 fatty acids in health and disease and in growth and development","volume":"54","author":"Simopoulos","year":"1991","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1097\/00075197-200203000-00002","article-title":"Efficiency of conversion of \u03b1-linolenic acid to long chain n-3 fatty acids in man","volume":"5","author":"Brenna","year":"2002","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Clin. Nutr. Metab. Care"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1186\/s12970-020-00405-1","article-title":"The effect of Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation on exercise-induced muscle damage","volume":"18","author":"Kyriakidou","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Int. Soc. Sports Nutr."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plefa.2014.03.001","article-title":"Temporal changes in human skeletal muscle and blood lipid composition with fish oil supplementation","volume":"90","author":"McGlory","year":"2014","journal-title":"Prostaglandins Leukot. Essent. Fatty Acids"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1666","DOI":"10.1080\/17461391.2023.2199282","article-title":"Fish oil supplementation fails to modulate indices of muscle damage and muscle repair during acute recovery from eccentric exercise in trained young males","volume":"23","author":"Mackay","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur. J. Sport Sci."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fern\u00e1ndez-L\u00e1zaro, D., Arribalzaga, S., Guti\u00e9rrez-Abej\u00f3n, E., Azarbayjani, M.A., Mielgo-Ayuso, J., and Roche, E. (2024). Omega-3 Fatty Acid Supplementation on Post-Exercise Inflammation, Muscle Damage, Oxidative Response, and Sports Performance in Physically Healthy Adults\u2014A Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Trials. Nutrients, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16132044"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4586","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.201801857RRR","article-title":"Omega-3 fatty acid supplementation attenuates skeletal muscle disuse atrophy during two weeks of unilateral leg immobilization in healthy young women","volume":"33","author":"Mcglory","year":"2019","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.3945\/an.114.007732","article-title":"Advances in Our Understanding of Oxylipins Derived from Dietary PUFAs","volume":"6","author":"Gabbs","year":"2015","journal-title":"Adv. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1421","DOI":"10.3945\/jn.113.177360","article-title":"Dietary Linoleic Acid and \u03b1-Linolenic Acid Differentially Affect Renal Oxylipins and Phospholipid Fatty Acids in Diet-Induced Obese Rats","volume":"143","author":"Caligiuri","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1025","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20020760","article-title":"Resolvins","volume":"196","author":"Serhan","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_49","first-page":"643","article-title":"Anti-microinflammatory lipid signals generated from dietary N-3 fatty acids via cyclooxygenase-2 and transcellular processing: A novel mechanism for NSAID and N-3 PUFA therapeutic actions","volume":"51","author":"Serhan","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Physiol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dalli, J., Gomez, E.A., and Serhan, C.N. (2022). Evidence for the presence and diagnostic utility of SPM in human peripheral blood. bioRxiv.","DOI":"10.1101\/2022.04.28.489064"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7172","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-41767-9","article-title":"Reply to: Failure to apply standard limit-of-detection or limit-of-quantitation criteria to specialized pro-resolving mediator analysis incorrectly characterizes their presence in biological samples","volume":"14","author":"Dalli","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.3390\/physiologia3020022","article-title":"The Involvement of Lipid Mediators in the Mechanisms of Exercise-Induced Muscle Damage","volume":"3","author":"Gakis","year":"2023","journal-title":"Physiologia"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e14108","DOI":"10.14814\/phy2.14108","article-title":"Intramuscular inflammatory and resolving lipid profile responses to an acute bout of resistance exercise in men","volume":"7","author":"Vella","year":"2019","journal-title":"Physiol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R345","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.00454.2004","article-title":"Inflammatory processes in muscle injury and repair","volume":"288","author":"Tidball","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1523","DOI":"10.1038\/s12276-024-01270-7","article-title":"From inflammation to bone formation: The intricate role of neutrophils in skeletal muscle injury and traumatic heterotopic ossification","volume":"56","author":"Shu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Exp. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.23937\/2469-5718\/1510122","article-title":"Characterization of Exercise-Induced Cytokine Release, the Impacts on the Body, the Mechanisms and Modulations","volume":"5","author":"Suzuki","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Sports Exerc. Med."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"869","DOI":"10.1038\/nature05877","article-title":"Resolvin E1 and protectin D1 activate inflammation-resolution programmes","volume":"447","author":"Schwab","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R1281","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.00128.2013","article-title":"Human inflammatory and resolving lipid mediator responses to resistance exercise and ibuprofen treatment","volume":"305","author":"Markworth","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol.-Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"626","DOI":"10.1038\/s41590-019-0356-7","article-title":"Dynamic changes to lipid mediators support transitions among macrophage subtypes during muscle regeneration","volume":"20","author":"Giannakis","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2619","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI124615","article-title":"The role of macrophages in the resolution of inflammation","volume":"129","author":"Watanabe","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1038\/nri.2015.4","article-title":"Specialized pro-resolving mediators: Endogenous regulators of infection and inflammation","volume":"16","author":"Basil","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2017.03.046","article-title":"IGF1 Shapes Macrophage Activation in Response to Immunometabolic Challenge","volume":"19","author":"Spadaro","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1186\/s12970-015-0073-z","article-title":"The effects PCSO-524\u00ae, a patented marine oil lipid and omega-3 PUFA blend derived from the New Zealand green lipped mussel (Perna canaliculus), on indirect markers of muscle damage and inflammation after muscle damaging exercise in untrained men: A randomized, placebo controlled trial","volume":"12","author":"Mickleborough","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Int. Soc. Sports Nutr."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sugimoto, M.A., Sousa, L.P., Pinho, V., Perretti, M., and Teixeira, M.M. (2016). Resolution of Inflammation: What Controls Its Onset?. Front. Immunol., 7.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2016.00160"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12948","DOI":"10.1111\/apha.12948","article-title":"High doses of anti-inflammatory drugs compromise muscle strength and hypertrophic adaptations to resistance training in young adults","volume":"222","author":"Lilja","year":"2018","journal-title":"Acta Physiol."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.116.307308","article-title":"Resolution of Acute Inflammation and the Role of Resolvins in Immunity, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology","volume":"119","author":"Sansbury","year":"2016","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"917","DOI":"10.1007\/s40264-021-01085-9","article-title":"A Scoping Review of Non-Medical and Extra-Medical Use of Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs)","volume":"44","author":"Brennan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Drug Saf."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2007-971100","article-title":"Anti-Inflammatory Doses of Ibuprofen: Effect on Neutrophils and Exercise-Induced Muscle Injury","volume":"20","author":"Pizza","year":"1999","journal-title":"Int. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_69","first-page":"5067","article-title":"Skeletal Muscle PGF2 \u03b1 and PGE2 in Response to Eccentric Resistance Exercise: Influence of Ibuprofen and Acetaminophen","volume":"86","author":"Trappe","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"920","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00036.2013","article-title":"Anti-inflammatory interventions and skeletal muscle injury: Benefit or detriment?","volume":"115","author":"Urso","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113502","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2024.113502","article-title":"Ibuprofen modulates macrophage polarization by downregulating poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase 1","volume":"143","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. Immunopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"995","DOI":"10.1002\/JLB.3MI0617-254R","article-title":"Frontline Science: Structural insights into Resolvin D4 actions and further metabolites via a new total organic synthesis and validation","volume":"103","author":"Winkler","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Leukoc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2657","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI97943","article-title":"Resolvins in inflammation: Emergence of the pro-resolving superfamily of mediators","volume":"128","author":"Serhan","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nieman, D.C., Sakaguchi, C.A., Omar, A.M., Davis, K.L., Shaffner, C.E., Strauch, R.C., Lila, M.A., and Zhang, Q. (2023). Blueberry intake elevates post-exercise anti-inflammatory oxylipins: A randomized trial. Sci. Rep., 13.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-39269-1"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schebb, N.H., K\u00fchn, H., Kahnt, A.S., Rund, K.M., O\u2019Donnell, V.B., Flamand, N., Peters-Golden, M., Jakobsson, P.-J., Weylandt, K.H., and Rohwer, N. (2022). Formation, Signaling and Occurrence of Specialized Pro-Resolving Lipid Mediators\u2014What is the Evidence so far?. Front. Pharmacol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2022.838782"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22847","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M603766200","article-title":"Metabolic Inactivation of Resolvin E1 and Stabilization of Its Anti-inflammatory Actions","volume":"281","author":"Arita","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7021","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.179.10.7021","article-title":"Resolvin E1 Regulates Inflammation at the Cellular and Tissue Level and Restores Tissue Homeostasis In Vivo","volume":"179","author":"Hasturk","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Turner, T.C., Pittman, F.S., Zhang, H., Hymel, L.A., Zheng, T., Behara, M., Anderson, S.E., Harrer, J.A., Link, K.A., and Ahammed, M.A. (2024). Improving Functional Muscle Regeneration in Volumetric Muscle Loss Injuries by Shifting the Balance of Inflammatory and Pro-Resolving Lipid Mediators. BioRxiv.","DOI":"10.1101\/2024.09.06.611741"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"996","DOI":"10.1002\/art.40001","article-title":"Targeting the D Series Resolvin Receptor System for the Treatment of Osteoarthritis Pain","volume":"69","author":"Huang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1476-5381.2011.01345.x","article-title":"The precursor of resolvin D series and aspirin-triggered resolvin D1 display anti-hyperalgesic properties in adjuvant-induced arthritis in rats: RvD series precursor and AT-RvD1 in arthritis","volume":"164","author":"Dutra","year":"2011","journal-title":"Br. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kutzner, L., Rund, K.M., Ostermann, A.I., Hartung, N.M., Galano, J.-M., Balas, L., Durand, T., Balzer, M.S., David, S., and Schebb, N.H. (2019). Development of an Optimized LC-MS Method for the Detection of Specialized Pro-Resolving Mediators in Biological Samples. Front. Pharmacol., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2019.00169"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"686","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2012.12.010","article-title":"Randomized placebo-controlled intervention with n-3 LC-PUFA-supplemented yoghurt: Effects on circulating eicosanoids and cardiovascular risk factors","volume":"32","author":"Dawczynski","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Norris, P.C., Skulas-Ray, A.C., Riley, I., Richter, C.K., Kris-Etherton, P.M., Jensen, G.L., Serhan, C.N., and Maddipati, K.R. (2018). Identification of specialized pro-resolving mediator clusters from healthy adults after intravenous low-dose endotoxin and omega-3 supplementation: A methodological validation. Sci. Rep., 8.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-36679-4"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"nzz031.OR29-01-19","DOI":"10.1093\/cdn\/nzz031.OR29-01-19","article-title":"Effects of EPA and DHA Supplementation on Plasma Specialized Pro-resolving Lipid Mediators and Blood Monocyte Inflammatory Response in Subjects with Chronic Inflammation (OR29-01-19)","volume":"3","author":"So","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr. Dev. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102542","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plefa.2023.102542","article-title":"Over-the-counter fish oil supplementation and pro-resolving and pro-inflammatory lipid mediators in rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"190","author":"Marchand","year":"2023","journal-title":"Prostaglandins Leukot. Essent. Fatty Acids"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jss.2019.01.038","article-title":"Fish Oil Increases Specialized Pro-resolving Lipid Mediators in PAD (The OMEGA-PAD II Trial)","volume":"238","author":"Ramirez","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Surg. Res."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1808","DOI":"10.1194\/jlr.M060392","article-title":"Bioactive products formed in humans from fish oils","volume":"56","author":"Skarke","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Lipid Res."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"748","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.112.041343","article-title":"Incorporation of eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids into lipid pools when given as supplements providing doses equivalent to typical intakes of oily fish","volume":"96","author":"Browning","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102219","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plefa.2020.102219","article-title":"Dose- and time-dependent increase in circulating anti-inflammatory and pro-resolving lipid mediators following eicosapentaenoic acid supplementation in patients with major depressive disorder and chronic inflammation","volume":"164","author":"So","year":"2021","journal-title":"Prostaglandins Leukot. Essent. Fatty Acids"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sobrino, A., Walker, M.E., Colas, R.A., and Dalli, J. (2020). Protective activities of distinct omega-3 enriched oils are linked to their ability to upregulate specialized pro-resolving mediators. PLoS ONE, 15.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0242543"},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Valdes, A.M., Ravipati, S., Menni, C., Abhishek, A., Metrustry, S., Harris, J., Nessa, A., Williams, F.M.K., Spector, T.D., and Doherty, M. (2017). Association of the resolvin precursor 17-HDHA, but not D- or E- series resolvins, with heat pain sensitivity and osteoarthritis pain in humans. Sci. Rep., 7.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-09516-3"},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"781","DOI":"10.1160\/TH15-05-0429","article-title":"Developmental endothelial locus-1 modulates platelet-monocyte interactions and instant blood-mediated inflammatory reaction in islet transplantation","volume":"115","author":"Kourtzelis","year":"2016","journal-title":"Thromb. Haemost."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00971.2016","article-title":"Muscle damage and inflammation during recovery from exercise","volume":"122","author":"Peake","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102642","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plefa.2024.102642","article-title":"Regular moderate physical activity potentially accelerates and strengthens both the pro-inflammatory and pro-resolving lipid mediator response after acute exercise stress","volume":"202","author":"Malan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Prostaglandins Leukot. Essent. Fatty Acids"},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/glp005","article-title":"Association Between Inflammatory Components and Physical Function in the Health, Aging, and Body Composition Study: A Principal Component Analysis Approach","volume":"64A","author":"Hsu","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Gerontol. Ser. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2004.05.007","article-title":"Association between leisure time physical activity and markers of chronic inflammation related to coronary heart disease","volume":"176","author":"Verdaet","year":"2004","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"785","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cca.2010.02.069","article-title":"Effect of exercise training on chronic inflammation","volume":"411","author":"Beavers","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1038\/nri3041","article-title":"The anti-inflammatory effects of exercise: Mechanisms and implications for the prevention and treatment of disease","volume":"11","author":"Gleeson","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1038\/nrendo.2012.49","article-title":"Muscles, exercise and obesity: Skeletal muscle as a secretory organ","volume":"8","author":"Pedersen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3013","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1900144","article-title":"Exercise Promotes Resolution of Acute Inflammation by Catecholamine-Mediated Stimulation of Resolvin D1 Biosynthesis","volume":"203","author":"Zheng","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4939-7592-1_4","article-title":"Lipid Mediator Metabolomics Via LC-MS\/MS Profiling and Analysis","volume":"1730","author":"Dalli","year":"2018","journal-title":"Methods Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3064","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jproteome.3c00761","article-title":"Plasma Instead of Serum Avoids Critical Confounding of Clinical Metabolomics Studies by Platelets","volume":"23","author":"Hagn","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Proteome Res."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7172","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-41766-w","article-title":"Failure to apply standard limit-of-detection or limit-of-quantitation criteria to specialized pro-resolving mediator analysis incorrectly characterizes their presence in biological samples","volume":"14","author":"Schebb","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1977","DOI":"10.1002\/mc.22629","article-title":"Plasma lipoxin A 4 and resolvin D1 are not associated with reduced adenoma risk in a randomized trial of aspirin to prevent colon adenomas","volume":"56","author":"Fedirko","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mol. Carcinog."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13206","DOI":"10.1111\/aji.13206","article-title":"Pre-eclampsia is associated with reduced resolvin D1 and maresin 1 to leukotriene B4 ratios in the plasma","volume":"83","author":"Talvani","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Reprod. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5264195","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/5264195","article-title":"Role of the Specialized Proresolving Mediator Resolvin D1 in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: Preliminary Results","volume":"2018","author":"Navarini","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Immunol. Res."},{"key":"ref_107","first-page":"273","article-title":"Comparison of Resolvin D1 Levels in Patients with Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Haemorrhage with Those in Healthy Controls","volume":"32","author":"Aydogmus","year":"2021","journal-title":"South. Clin. Istanb. Eurasia"},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1186\/s12933-017-0523-9","article-title":"Treatment with high-dose n-3 PUFAs has no effect on platelet function, coagulation, metabolic status or inflammation in patients with atherosclerosis and type 2 diabetes","volume":"16","author":"Poreba","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Diabetol."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nordgren, T.M., Anderson Berry, A., Van Ormer, M., Zoucha, S., Elliott, E., Johnson, R., McGinn, E., Cave, C., Rilett, K., and Weishaar, K. (2019). Omega-3 Fatty Acid Supplementation, Pro-Resolving Mediators, and Clinical Outcomes in Maternal-Infant Pairs. Nutrients, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11010098"},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"00182","DOI":"10.1183\/23120541.00182-2019","article-title":"Systemic biomarkers in electronic cigarette users: Implications for noninvasive assessment of vaping-associated pulmonary injuries","volume":"5","author":"Singh","year":"2019","journal-title":"ERJ Open Res."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"660","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dsx.2018.11.018","article-title":"Resolvin D1 impacts on insulin resistance in women with polycystic ovary syndrome and healthy women","volume":"13","author":"Morshedzadeh","year":"2019","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab. Syndr. Clin. Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, Y.-C., Su, M.-C., Chin, C.-H., Lin, I.-C., Hsu, P.-Y., Liou, C.-W., Huang, K.-T., Wang, T.-Y., Lin, Y.-Y., and Zheng, Y.-X. (2019). Formyl peptide receptor 1 up-regulation and formyl peptide receptor 2\/3 down-regulation of blood immune cells along with defective lipoxin A4\/resolvin D1 production in obstructive sleep apnea patients. PLoS ONE, 14.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0216607"}],"container-title":["Nutrients"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/17\/12\/2014\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T17:53:04Z","timestamp":1760032384000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/17\/12\/2014"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,16]]},"references-count":112,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]}},"alternative-id":["nu17122014"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu17122014","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6643"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6643","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,16]]}}}