{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T01:27:18Z","timestamp":1760059638612,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,25]],"date-time":"2025-06-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1750809600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Loop diuretics are among the most commonly used drugs in patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF). Higher doses of these diuretics are associated with poorer clinical status and may contribute to malnutrition. The study aims to assess the relationship between the use of high-dose loop diuretics and nutritional status in patients with HFrEF. Methods: The study included 353 hospitalized patients with HFrEF. Nutritional status was assessed using the Mini Nutritional Assessment (MNA), the Geriatric Nutritional Index (GNRI), and the CONtrolling NUTritional status (CONUT). Patients were divided into three groups according to the daily dose of loop diuretics (defined as furosemide equivalent = 1 \u00d7 furosemide dose and 2 \u00d7 torsemide dose): low dose (LD), 40 mg\/day or no treatment; medium dose (MD), 41\u2013160 mg\/day; or high dose (HD), &gt;160 mg\/day. Results: Of the evaluated patients, the mean MNA score was 23.31 \u00b1 2.93 points, and 49.8% were at risk of malnutrition or malnourished. According to the MNA, patients in HD and MD groups had worse nutritional status than the LD group, similarly according to the GNRI. For CONUT, the differences were significant between all groups: nutritional status was the worst in the HD group, intermediate in the MD group, and the best in the LD group. Conclusions: The intake of loop diuretics, especially in high doses, correlates with an elevated risk of malnutrition in patients with HFrEF independently of sex, age, NYHA class, and left ventricular ejection fraction.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu17132105","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,26]],"date-time":"2025-06-26T03:39:59Z","timestamp":1750909199000},"page":"2105","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Loop Diuretic Dose and Nutritional Status of Patients with Heart Failure with Reduced Ejection Fraction"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3449-8751","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Filip","family":"Sawczak","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"1st Department of Cardiology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Dluga 1\/2, 61-848 Poznan, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7410-190X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aleksandra","family":"Soloch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1st Department of Cardiology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Dluga 1\/2, 61-848 Poznan, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Cierzniak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1st Department of Cardiology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Dluga 1\/2, 61-848 Poznan, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6215-7148","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alicja","family":"Szubarga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1st Department of Cardiology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Dluga 1\/2, 61-848 Poznan, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3753-7218","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kamila","family":"Kurkiewicz-Sawczak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatric Cardiology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Szpitalna 27\/33, 60-572 Poznan, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9424-8004","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Agata","family":"Kukfisz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"3rd Department of Cardiology, Silesian Center for Heart Diseases, Medical University of Silesia, 41-800 Zabrze, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7307-4460","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Magdalena","family":"Szczechla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1st Department of Cardiology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Dluga 1\/2, 61-848 Poznan, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Helena","family":"Krysztofiak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1st Department of Cardiology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Dluga 1\/2, 61-848 Poznan, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6550-6182","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Magdalena","family":"Dudek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1st Department of Cardiology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Dluga 1\/2, 61-848 Poznan, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ewa","family":"Straburzy\u0144ska-Migaj","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1st Department of Cardiology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Dluga 1\/2, 61-848 Poznan, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4048-6247","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marta","family":"Ka\u0142u\u017cna-Oleksy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1st Department of Cardiology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Dluga 1\/2, 61-848 Poznan, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"112","article-title":"Nutrition Assessment in Advanced Heart Failure Patients Evaluated for Ventricular Assist Devices or Cardiac Transplantation","volume":"28","author":"Aggarwal","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nutr. 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