{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T05:00:04Z","timestamp":1787029204421,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":147,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,25]],"date-time":"2025-06-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1750809600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Bone metabolism is a dynamic process involving continuous bone formation and resorption, orchestrated by the interplay between osteoblasts and osteoclasts. Osteoporosis (Op), the most prevalent osteo-metabolic disorder globally, results from an imbalance in this remodeling cycle. Hashimoto\u2019s thyroiditis (HT), a chronic autoimmune thyroid disorder, has been increasingly recognized as a contributor to bone loss, even in euthyroid individuals. HT is marked by immune dysregulation, autoantibody production, and chronic inflammation, factors that can alter bone remodeling. Furthermore, both thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) and thyroid hormones (THs) independently influence bone health. Low TSH and elevated TH levels, including in subclinical states, have been linked to reduced bone mineral density (BMD) and increased fracture risk. Nutritional factors, particularly selenium and iodine intake, modulate both thyroid and bone function, and can be considered as a link between HT and Op. In particular, antioxidant-rich diets such as the Mediterranean diet may confer protective effects. This review integrates current clinical and experimental evidence linking HT with bone metabolism disorders, emphasizing the multifactorial nature of bone fragility in autoimmune thyroid disease and the potential role of diet in mitigating its impact.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu17132109","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,26]],"date-time":"2025-06-26T03:39:59Z","timestamp":1750909199000},"page":"2109","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Are Dietary Habits the Missing Link Between Hashimoto\u2019s Thyroiditis and Osteoporosis?"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-6574-9120","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anita","family":"Vergatti","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clincal Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0085-0067","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Veronica","family":"Abate","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clincal Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-4971-2111","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesca","family":"Garofano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clincal Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-4845-2902","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonella","family":"Fiore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clincal Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1313-5599","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gianpaolo","family":"De Filippo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Assistance Publique-H\u00f4pitaux de Paris, H\u00f4pital Robert Debr\u00e9, Service d\u2019Endocrinologie et Diab\u00e9tologie, 75019 Paris, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pasquale","family":"Strazzullo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Internal Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0331-0392","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Domenico","family":"Rendina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clincal Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2137","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-022-06454-3","article-title":"Global, regional prevalence, and risk factors of osteoporosis according to the World Health Organization diagnostic criteria: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"33","author":"Xiao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Osteoporos. 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