{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,17]],"date-time":"2025-12-17T13:07:39Z","timestamp":1765976859012,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,26]],"date-time":"2025-06-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1750896000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Objective: The aim of this study was to examine the safety and tolerance of Bifidobacterium longum subsp. infantis YLGB-1496 (B. infantis YLGB-1496) in toddlers with respiratory illness. Methods: In this randomized controlled trial, 120 toddlers with respiratory illness were randomly assigned to the probiotic (YLGB-1496) or control group for a 12-week intervention. Follow-up examinations were conducted at baseline (week 0) and at weeks 6 and 12 of the intervention. Toddlers\u2019 height and weight were measured by trained personnel, and defecation characteristics and gastrointestinal symptoms were recorded by parents or guardians. Stool samples were collected to determine the fecal pH, fecal calprotectin (FC) concentration, and fecal \u03b11-antitrypsin (AAT) concentration. Results: A total of 115 toddlers completed the 12-week intervention (58 in the YLGB-1496 group and 57 in the control group). The height-for-age Z score (HAZ) in the YLGB-1496 group was significantly greater than that in the control group (p = 0.006). The weight-for-age Z score (WAZ) in the YLGB-1496 group increased between weeks 6 and 12, whereas the WAZ in the control group continuously decreased during the intervention. No differences in the frequency or consistency of defecation between the groups were observed. Toddlers in the YLGB-1496 group had lower incidences of poor appetite, nausea, vomiting, stomachache, lower abdominal pain, diarrhea, and dehydration (p &lt; 0.05) but higher fecal AAT concentrations (p = 0.008) than did those in the control group. No differences in the fecal pH or FC concentration were observed between the groups. Conclusions: B. infantis YLGB-1496 demonstrated excellent safety and tolerability in toddlers and effectively reduced the gastrointestinal discomfort associated with respiratory illnesses.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu17132127","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,27]],"date-time":"2025-06-27T03:33:25Z","timestamp":1750995205000},"page":"2127","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Safety and Tolerance of Bifidobacterium longum subsp. Infantis YLGB-1496 in Toddlers with Respiratory Symptoms"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3164-8806","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pin","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-7941-6635","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mageswaran","family":"Uma Mageswary","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Gelugor 11800, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fahisham","family":"Taib","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric & Palliative Care, Hospital Pakar Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kota Bharu 16150, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-6671-0929","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thai Hau","family":"Koo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric & Palliative Care, Hospital Pakar Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kota Bharu 16150, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Azianey","family":"Yusof","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kepala Batas Health Clinic, Kepala Batas 13200, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6749-1498","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Intan Juliana Abd","family":"Hamid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cluster of Regenerative Medicine, Advanced Medical & Dental Institute, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Bertam 13200, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3264-990X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hua","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Nursing, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4471-8271","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Min-Tze","family":"Liong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Gelugor 11800, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5615-5966","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adli","family":"Ali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, UKM Medical Centre, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0103-7900","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yumei","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1042\/ETLS20170058","article-title":"Exploring the role of the microbiota member Bifidobacterium in modulating immune-linked diseases","volume":"1","author":"Schofield","year":"2017","journal-title":"Emerg. 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