{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T11:22:53Z","timestamp":1788952973643,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":88,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,3]],"date-time":"2025-07-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1751500800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The increasing use of assisted reproductive technologies (ARTs) globally, such as intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) and in vitro fertilization (IVF), has highlighted the pressing need to determine the modifiable factors affecting the success of implantation and the outcomes of early pregnancy. Scientific interest in the role of nutrition in fertility is growing, but outside of celiac disease, little is known about gluten, a dietary protein with immunogenic and inflammatory properties. With an emphasis on ART results, this narrative review summarizes the most recent data regarding the possible effects of gluten consumption on reproductive health, focusing primarily on individuals with celiac disease (CD) and non-celiac gluten sensitivity (NCGS). In addition to discussing potential molecular processes connecting gluten-induced inflammation, increased gut permeability, autoimmune, and decreased endometrial receptivity, we further explore the documented link between CD and infertility and investigate new information on NCGS. These findings are tentative and based on scant low-quality evidence, although some case reports and small clinical studies have indicated that avoiding gluten may help some people undergoing ART, especially those with immune-mediated diseases or infertility that cannot be explained. There is currently no robust prospective evidence confirming that gluten restriction improves infertility outcomes. Therefore, before gluten elimination is advised in this situation, more carefully planned extensive research is required to generate reliable scientific proof. Beyond traditional celiac disease, we suggest that gluten sensitivity might be an underappreciated factor in ART failure that merits more research. A gluten-free diet may serve as a low-risk supplementary option for appropriately selected patients, pending the results of more extensive controlled studies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu17132215","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,4]],"date-time":"2025-07-04T03:47:26Z","timestamp":1751600846000},"page":"2215","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Reproductive Health and Assisted Conception in Celiac Disease and Non-Celiac Gluten Sensitivity: A Narrative Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-3333-2620","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Efthalia","family":"Moustakli","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4112-8396","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Panagiotis","family":"Christopoulos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Second Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Aretaieion University Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11528 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7716-1521","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anastasios","family":"Potiris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Third Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University General Hospital \u201cATTIKON\u201d, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 12462 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-9553-6803","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Athanasios","family":"Zikopoulos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Third Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University General Hospital \u201cATTIKON\u201d, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 12462 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eirini","family":"Drakaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"First Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Alexandra Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11528 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4829-9190","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Theodoros","family":"Karampitsakos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Third Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University General 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