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This comprehensive review aims to evaluate the potential role of magnesium in the pathophysiology and treatment of three prevalent neurological and psychiatric disorders\u2014depression, migraine, and Alzheimer\u2019s disease\u2014as well as its broader implications for cognitive health. Current research suggests that magnesium deficiency is associated with the development of depression, as magnesium influences glutamatergic and GABAergic neurotransmission, as well as the activity of the hypothalamic\u2013pituitary\u2013adrenal (HPA) axis, both of which play critical roles in stress responses and mood regulation. Additionally, magnesium\u2019s anti-inflammatory properties may contribute to the alleviation of depressive symptoms. In the context of migraine\u2019s pathophysiology, magnesium plays a role in regulating cerebral vascular tone, modulating the trigeminovascular system, and reducing neuronal hyperexcitability, which may explain the observed correlation between magnesium levels and the incidence of migraines. Regarding Alzheimer\u2019s disease, preclinical and epidemiological studies suggest that magnesium may contribute to modulating neurodegenerative processes and preserving cognitive function; however, due to the heterogeneity of the current findings, further longitudinal and interventional studies are necessary to determine its precise clinical relevance. This review aims to enhance the understanding of the relationship between magnesium and these disorders through a narrative review of relevant clinical studies. The findings may provide insights into the potential therapeutic applications of magnesium and guide the future directions of the research into the prevention and treatment of depression, migraine, and Alzheimer\u2019s disease and overall cognitive health.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu17132216","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,4]],"date-time":"2025-07-04T03:47:26Z","timestamp":1751600846000},"page":"2216","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["The Role of Magnesium in Depression, Migraine, Alzheimer\u2019s Disease, and Cognitive Health: A Comprehensive Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"P\u00e9ter","family":"Varga","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, 1085 Budapest, Hungary"},{"name":"Health Sciences Division, Doctoral College, Semmelweis 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