{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]],"date-time":"2026-08-21T14:03:56Z","timestamp":1787321036950,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,10]],"date-time":"2025-07-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1752105600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"NICHD","award":["R21HD100653"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R21HD100653"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Infants admitted to neonatal intensive care units (NICUs) face challenges in achieving successful oral feedings. During oral feedings, these infants commonly present with suck\u2013swallow\u2013breathe incoordination, with approximately 30% developing dysphagia, leading to feeding aversion, prolonged hospitalization, and increased parental stress. Cold liquid feeding has demonstrated benefits in improving feeding safety in adults with dysphagia; however, its application in neonates is relatively limited. This study aimed to examine global neonatal feeding practices, with a specific emphasis on cold milk feeding as an intervention for dysphagia. Methods: A cross-sectional global electronic survey was distributed via professional society listservs and closed online professional group forums targeting neonatal providers and feeding therapists from June 2023 to June 2024. The survey assessed institutional feeding protocols, oral feeding practices, and the use of cold milk for infants with dysphagia. Responses were analyzed descriptively. Results: A total of 210 complete responses were received from level IV (51%), level III (42%), and level II (5%) NICUs. While 30% of the respondents were aware of cold milk feeding as a dysphagia intervention, only 15% of the total respondents reported using it in practice. Among the 32 institutions implementing cold milk practices, only one had an established protocol. Additionally, 72% reported having a feeding protocol in place, often incorporating cue-based tools. Most respondents (87.5%) did not allow oral feeding during nasal continuous positive airway pressure (nCPAP), whereas 78% permitted it during high-flow nasal cannula (HFNC) support. Conclusions: Although the awareness of cold milk feeding in neonates is increasing, its implementation remains limited and lacks standardization. Significant variability exists in oral feeding practices, particularly regarding feeding during respiratory support. This underscores the need for further research and evidence-based guidelines to ensure safe and consistent care for preterm infants.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu17142289","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,10]],"date-time":"2025-07-10T15:36:58Z","timestamp":1752161818000},"page":"2289","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Oral Feeding of NICU Infants: A Global Survey of Current Practices and the Potential of Cold Milk Feeding Intervention"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0768-1887","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zeyar","family":"Htun","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, NYU Langone Hospital\u2014Long Island, NYU Grossman Long Island School of Medicine, Mineola, NY 11501, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3217-676X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Louisa","family":"Ferrara-Gonzalez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, NYU Langone Hospital\u2014Long Island, NYU Grossman Long Island School of Medicine, Mineola, NY 11501, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3247-9701","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ranjith","family":"Kamity","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, NYU Langone Hospital\u2014Long Island, NYU Grossman Long Island School of Medicine, Mineola, NY 11501, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2167-5712","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nazeeh","family":"Hanna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, NYU Langone Hospital\u2014Long Island, NYU Grossman Long Island School of Medicine, Mineola, NY 11501, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"731","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clp.2011.08.004","article-title":"Eating as a neurodevelopmental process for high-risk newborns","volume":"38","author":"Browne","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin. 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