{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T21:56:26Z","timestamp":1790632586106,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,13]],"date-time":"2025-07-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1752364800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007686","name":"Instituto Nacional de Perinatolog\u00eda","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["INPer 2020-1-15"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["INPer 2020-1-15"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007686","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Breastfeeding is essential for preventing non-communicable diseases. However, mothers with chronic illnesses tend to breastfeed less, increasing the likelihood of abandoning breastfeeding, especially if they experience gestational complications. Objective: To analyze the association between factors such as prepregnancy maternal characteristics, gestational complications, food security, barriers, and facilitators with the practice of exclusive breastfeeding. Methods: Cross-sectional study with 566 women who had prenatal care and gave birth at the National Institute of Perinatology (Mexico City) between 2021 and 2024. Surveys were administered on breastfeeding practices, food insecurity, barriers, and facilitators of exclusive breastfeeding in mothers. In addition, sociodemographic information, medical history (prepregnancy conditions and complications), gestational weight gain, and neonatal outcomes were recorded. Results: Of the 566 women, only 43.6% practiced exclusive breastfeeding, with a median duration of 4 months. Exclusive breastfeeding was more frequent in young, stay-at-home mothers with lower educational attainment and in those with food insecurity, who also tended to delay the introduction of complementary foods until after six months. Prepregnancy risk conditions (OR 1.56, 95% CI 1.06\u20132.30) and multiparity (OR 1.64, 95% CI 1.08\u20132.49) increased the risk of non-exclusive breastfeeding. Conversely, food insecurity (OR 0.40, 95% CI 0.20\u20130.78) and counseling from healthcare personnel (OR 0.09, 95% CI 0.01\u20130.51) showed a protective effect. The analysis also showed that paid employment (OR 4.68, 95% CI 1.65\u201313.21), the perception of low milk production (OR 6.45, 95% CI 2.95\u201314.10), maternal illness\/medication (OR 3.91, 95% CI 1.36\u201311.28), and fatigue (OR 4.67, 95% CI 1.36\u201311.28) increased the probability of non-exclusive breastfeeding. Conclusions: In Mexico, the promotion of exclusive breastfeeding faces challenges, especially in mothers who begin pregnancy with significant chronic conditions such as diabetes, hypertension, obesity, advanced maternal age, and hypothyroidism, among others. Healthcare personnel should provide personalized advice to each woman from the prenatal stage on strategies to achieve and maintain exclusive breastfeeding.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu17142309","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,14]],"date-time":"2025-07-14T07:54:23Z","timestamp":1752479663000},"page":"2309","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Association of Pre- and Gestational Conditions and Barriers to Breastfeeding with Exclusive Breastfeeding Practices"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5490-1363","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Reyna","family":"S\u00e1mano","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Coordinaci\u00f3n de Nutrici\u00f3n y Bioprogramaci\u00f3n, Instituto Nacional de Perinatolog\u00eda, Secretar\u00eda de Salud Montes Urales 800, Lomas de Virreyes, Alcald\u00eda Miguel Hidalgo, Mexico City 11000, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5741-0241","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gabriela","family":"Chico-Barba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Coordinaci\u00f3n de Nutrici\u00f3n y Bioprogramaci\u00f3n, Instituto Nacional de Perinatolog\u00eda, Secretar\u00eda de Salud Montes Urales 800, Lomas de Virreyes, Alcald\u00eda Miguel Hidalgo, Mexico City 11000, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5301-9878","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hugo","family":"Mart\u00ednez-Rojano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Secci\u00f3n de Posgrado e Investigaci\u00f3n de la Escuela Superior de Medicina del Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional, Plan de San Luis y D\u00edaz Mir\u00f3n s\/n, Colonia Casco de Santo Tomas, Alcald\u00eda Miguel Hidalgo, Mexico City 11340, Mexico"},{"name":"Programa de Maestr\u00eda en Ciencias de la Salud, Escuela Superior de Medicina del Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional, Plan de San Luis y D\u00edaz Mir\u00f3n s\/n, Colonia Casco de Santo Tomas, Alcald\u00eda Miguel Hidalgo, Mexico City 11340, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mar\u00eda Eugenia","family":"Mendoza-Flores","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Coordinaci\u00f3n de Nutrici\u00f3n y Bioprogramaci\u00f3n, Instituto Nacional de Perinatolog\u00eda, Secretar\u00eda de Salud Montes Urales 800, Lomas de Virreyes, Alcald\u00eda Miguel Hidalgo, Mexico City 11000, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mar\u00eda","family":"Hern\u00e1ndez-Trejo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Coordinaci\u00f3n de Nutrici\u00f3n y Bioprogramaci\u00f3n, Instituto Nacional de Perinatolog\u00eda, Secretar\u00eda de Salud Montes Urales 800, Lomas de Virreyes, Alcald\u00eda Miguel Hidalgo, Mexico City 11000, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carmen","family":"Hern\u00e1ndez-Ch\u00e1vez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Neurobiolog\u00eda del Desarrollo, Instituto Nacional de Perinatolog\u00eda, Secretar\u00eda de Salud Montes Urales 800, Lomas de Virreyes, Alcald\u00eda Miguel Hidalgo, Mexico City 11000, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-1587-6026","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrea","family":"Luna-Hidalgo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Coordinaci\u00f3n de Nutrici\u00f3n y Bioprogramaci\u00f3n, Instituto Nacional de Perinatolog\u00eda, Secretar\u00eda de Salud Montes Urales 800, Lomas de Virreyes, Alcald\u00eda Miguel Hidalgo, Mexico City 11000, Mexico"},{"name":"Programa de Maestr\u00eda en Ciencias de la Salud, Escuela Superior de Medicina del Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional, Plan de San Luis y D\u00edaz Mir\u00f3n s\/n, Colonia Casco de Santo Tomas, Alcald\u00eda Miguel Hidalgo, Mexico City 11340, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4951-8121","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Estefania","family":"Aguirre-Minutti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Coordinaci\u00f3n de Nutrici\u00f3n y Bioprogramaci\u00f3n, Instituto Nacional de Perinatolog\u00eda, Secretar\u00eda de Salud Montes Urales 800, Lomas de Virreyes, Alcald\u00eda Miguel Hidalgo, Mexico City 11000, Mexico"},{"name":"Escuela de Diet\u00e9tica y Nutrici\u00f3n del ISSSTE, Callej\u00f3n V\u00eda, Av. San Fernando No. 12, San Pedro Ap\u00f3stol, Tlalpan, Mexico City 14070, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9102-4240","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ricardo","family":"Gamboa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Fisiolog\u00eda, Instituto Nacional de Cardiolog\u00eda \u201cIgnacio Ch\u00e1vez\u201d, Mexico City 14080, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8808-6739","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mar\u00eda Eugenia","family":"Flores-Quijano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Coordinaci\u00f3n de Nutrici\u00f3n y Bioprogramaci\u00f3n, Instituto Nacional de Perinatolog\u00eda, Secretar\u00eda de Salud Montes Urales 800, Lomas de Virreyes, Alcald\u00eda Miguel Hidalgo, Mexico City 11000, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Otilia","family":"Perichart-Perera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Coordinaci\u00f3n de Nutrici\u00f3n y Bioprogramaci\u00f3n, Instituto Nacional de Perinatolog\u00eda, Secretar\u00eda de Salud Montes Urales 800, Lomas de Virreyes, Alcald\u00eda Miguel Hidalgo, Mexico City 11000, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"L\u00f3pez-Ocampo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Nutrici\u00f3n, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma del Estado de Morelos, Cuernavaca 62350, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13109","DOI":"10.1111\/mcn.13109","article-title":"Breastfeeding and the origins of health: Interdisciplinary perspectives and priorities","volume":"17","author":"Azad","year":"2021","journal-title":"Matern. 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