{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,17]],"date-time":"2025-12-17T08:58:10Z","timestamp":1765961890921,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":107,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,14]],"date-time":"2025-07-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1752451200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>With the emergence of a new vitamin concept\u2014vitamin A5\u2014it is essential to first clarify the basic definition of vitamins, particularly vitamin A. This article summarizes the foundational concepts and definitions of vitamins with particular relevance to the discovery, establishment, and categorization of new vitamin concepts. Vitamin A5 was discovered 80 years after the last vitamin was identified. It serves as an umbrella term for the dietary precursors 9-cis-\u03b2,\u03b2-carotene and 9-cis-13,14-dihydroretinol for the endogenous activator of the nuclear hormone receptor RXR, 9-cis-13,14-dihydroretinoic acid. However, several questions arise: Which criteria are typically used to identify a substance as a vitamin? How does vitamin A5 fit into the sometimes misleading definition of vitamin A? This review summarizes key findings and provides a comprehensive assessment of the current understanding, concluding that (a) vitamin A5 is a newly identified micronutrient that plays an important role in the prevention of diet-related diseases and (b) vitamin A5 is an important micronutrient that provides a plausible, mechanistic explanation for why a Western lifestyle diet low in vegetables and especially leafy vegetables can lead to a high prevalence of Western-lifestyle diseases, particularly neurological diseases and poor mental health.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu17142317","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,15]],"date-time":"2025-07-15T08:04:41Z","timestamp":1752566681000},"page":"2317","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Vitamin A5: Evidence, Definitions, Gaps, and Future Directions"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7825-0697","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Torsten","family":"Bohn","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Nutrition and Health Research Group, Department of Precision Health, Luxembourg Institute of Health, 1 AB, Rue Thomas Edison, 1445 Strassen, Luxembourg"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5009-8830","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sascha","family":"Rohn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Chemistry and Analytics, Institute of Food Technology and Food Chemistry, Technische Universit\u00e4t Berlin, 13355 Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9474-4718","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Volker","family":"B\u00f6hm","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Nutritional Sciences, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0907-3532","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marta","family":"Despotovic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute for Medical Research, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6896-9078","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Angel R.","family":"de Lera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Qu\u00edmica Org\u00e1nica, Facultade de Qu\u00edmica, CINBIO and IBIV, Universidade de Vigo, Campus As Lagoas-Marcosende, 36310 Vigo, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1605-3185","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wojciech","family":"Krezel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut de G\u00e9n\u00e9tique et de Biologie Mol\u00e9culaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), Inserm U1258, CNRS UMR 7104, Universit\u00e9 de Strasbourg, 67400 Illkirch, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Omer","family":"Kucuk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Di\u00e1na","family":"B\u00e1n\u00e1ti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Szeged, H-6725 Szeged, Hungary"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8410-6659","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ralph","family":"R\u00fchl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CISCAREX UG, 13351 Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"646","article-title":"The Treatment of Infantile Scurvy with Ascorbic Acid: (Preliminary Report)","volume":"35","author":"Letondal","year":"1936","journal-title":"Can. 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