{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,17]],"date-time":"2026-10-17T13:06:25Z","timestamp":1792242385169,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":172,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,16]],"date-time":"2025-07-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1752624000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) and Alzheimer\u2019s disease (AD) are among the top 10 causes of death worldwide. Accumulating evidence suggests connections between CVD risk factors\u2015including hypertension (HTN), hyperlipidemia (HLP), diabetes mellitus (DM), obesity, and physical inactivity\u2015and AD. The Mediterranean\u2013DASH Intervention for Neurodegenerative Delay (MIND) dietary pattern has recently garnered considerable attention as a key preventive strategy for both CVDs and AD. While previous studies have examined the connections between CVD risk factors and AD, they have not thoroughly explored their underlying mechanisms. Therefore, the current literature review aims to synthesize the literature and highlight underlying mechanisms from preclinical to clinical studies to elucidate the relationship between CVD risk factors, AD, and the role of the MIND dietary pattern in these conditions. The MIND dietary pattern emphasizes foods rich in antioxidants and brain-healthy nutrients such as vitamin E, folate, polyphenols, flavonoids, carotenoids, fiber, monounsaturated fatty acids, and omega-3 fatty acids. These components have been associated with reduced amyloid-\u03b2 accumulation in preclinical studies and may contribute to the prevention of AD, either directly or indirectly by affecting CVD risk factors. Despite the extensive evidence from preclinical and observational studies, few clinical trials have investigated the effects of the MIND dietary pattern on cognitive health. Therefore, long-term clinical trials are required to better understand and establish the potential role of the MIND dietary pattern in preventing and managing AD.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu17142328","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,16]],"date-time":"2025-07-16T08:24:17Z","timestamp":1752654257000},"page":"2328","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Cardiovascular Risk Factors, Alzheimer\u2019s Disease, and the MIND Diet: A Narrative Review from Molecular Mechanisms to Clinical Outcomes"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0834-3609","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amirhossein","family":"Ataei Kachouei","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Life Sciences: Food, Nutrition and Health, University of Bayreuth, 95326 Kulmbach, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Saiful","family":"Singar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health, Nutrition, and Food Sciences, Anne Spencer Daves College of Education, Health, and Human Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amber","family":"Wood","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Kinesiology and Nutrition Sciences, School of Integrated Health Sciences, University of Nevada Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV 89154, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1244-738X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jason D.","family":"Flatt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Social and Behavioral Health, School of Public Health, University of Nevada Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV 89154, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3297-1640","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sara K.","family":"Rosenkranz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Kinesiology and Nutrition Sciences, School of Integrated Health Sciences, University of Nevada Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV 89154, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8242-3546","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Richard R.","family":"Rosenkranz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Kinesiology and Nutrition Sciences, School of Integrated Health Sciences, University of Nevada Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV 89154, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-1260-0877","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Neda S.","family":"Akhavan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Kinesiology and Nutrition Sciences, School of Integrated Health Sciences, University of Nevada Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV 89154, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"582","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2023.11.009","article-title":"Trends in Cardiovascular Disease Mortality Rates and Excess Deaths, 2010\u20132022","volume":"66","author":"Woodruff","year":"2024","journal-title":"Am. J. Prev. Med."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"(2025, January 27). Heart Disease Remains Leading Cause of Death as Key Health Risk Factors Continue to Rise: American Heart Association. Available online: https:\/\/newsroom.heart.org\/news\/heart-disease-remains-leading-cause-of-death-as-key-health-risk-factors-continue-to-rise."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e89","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0000000000001258","article-title":"Forecasting the Economic Burden of Cardiovascular Disease and Stroke in the United States Through 2050: A Presidential Advisory From the American Heart Association","volume":"150","author":"Kazi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"Brown, J.C., Gerhardt, T.E., and Kwon, E. (2024). Risk Factors for Coronary Artery Disease. StatPearls, StatPearls Publishing. Copyright \u00a9 2024, StatPearls Publishing LLC."},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"e106","article-title":"Risk factors for cardiovascular disease: The known unknown","volume":"31","author":"Beigrezaei","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur. J. Prev. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Batty, M., Bennett, M.R., and Yu, E. (2022). The Role of Oxidative Stress in Atherosclerosis. Cells, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells11233843"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Scioli, M.G., Storti, G., D\u2019Amico, F., Rodr\u00edguez Guzm\u00e1n, R., Centofanti, F., Doldo, E., C\u00e9spedes Miranda, E.M., and Orlandi, A. (2020). Oxidative Stress and New Pathogenetic Mechanisms in Endothelial Dysfunction: Potential Diagnostic Biomarkers and Therapeutic Targets. J. Clin. Med., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm9061995"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.4244\/EIJ-D-23-00606","article-title":"Targeting inflammation in atherosclerosis: Overview, strategy and directions","volume":"20","author":"Waksman","year":"2024","journal-title":"EuroIntervention"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"830","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2010.07.016","article-title":"From endothelial dysfunction to atherosclerosis","volume":"9","author":"Sitia","year":"2010","journal-title":"Autoimmun. Rev."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Attems, J., and Jellinger, K.A. (2014). The overlap between vascular disease and Alzheimer\u2019s disease--lessons from pathology. BMC Med., 12.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-014-0206-2"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2672","DOI":"10.1161\/STR.0b013e3182299496","article-title":"Vascular contributions to cognitive impairment and dementia: A statement for healthcare professionals from the american heart association\/american stroke association","volume":"42","author":"Gorelick","year":"2011","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1139","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(04)15900-X","article-title":"Convergence of atherosclerosis and Alzheimer\u2019s disease: Inflammation, cholesterol, and misfolded proteins","volume":"363","author":"Casserly","year":"2004","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"(2024). 2024 Alzheimer\u2019s disease facts and figures. Alzheimers Dement., 20, 3708\u20133821.","DOI":"10.1002\/alz.13809"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.3892\/ijmm.2013.1233","article-title":"Hypercholesterolemia accelerates amyloid \u03b2-induced cognitive deficits","volume":"31","author":"Park","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.112.195511","article-title":"Hypertension induces brain \u03b2-amyloid accumulation, cognitive impairment, and memory deterioration through activation of receptor for advanced glycation end products in brain vasculature","volume":"60","author":"Carnevale","year":"2012","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"e12394","article-title":"Association of cardiovascular risk factors and blood biomarkers with cognition: The HABS-HD study","volume":"15","author":"Jiang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1002\/j.2040-4603.2017.tb00743.x","article-title":"Contribution of Maladaptive Adipose Tissue Expansion to Development of Cardiovascular Disease","volume":"7","author":"Jia","year":"2016","journal-title":"Compr. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"352723","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/352723","article-title":"The Ambiguous Relationship of Oxidative Stress, Tau Hyperphosphorylation, and Autophagy Dysfunction in Alzheimer\u2019s Disease","volume":"2015","author":"Liu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Oxidative Med. Cell. Longev."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1265","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.120.311911","article-title":"Vascular Hypothesis of Alzheimer Disease","volume":"41","author":"Scheffer","year":"2021","journal-title":"Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, H., Sun, M., Li, W., Liu, X., Zhu, M., and Qin, H. (2023). Biomarkers associated with the pathogenesis of Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Front. Cell. Neurosci., 17.","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2023.1279046"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, W., Zhang, S., Hu, X., Chen, F., and Li, D. (2023). A Review of Healthy Dietary Choices for Cardiovascular Disease: From Individual Nutrients and Foods to Dietary Patterns. Nutrients, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15234898"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102746","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpcardiol.2024.102746","article-title":"Dietary strategies for cardiovascular disease risk factors prevention","volume":"49","author":"Mazur","year":"2024","journal-title":"Curr. Probl. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1017\/S0029665119000946","article-title":"Dietary patterns and risk of cardiovascular diseases: A review of the evidence","volume":"79","author":"Zampelas","year":"2020","journal-title":"Proc. Nutr. Soc."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1117","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199704173361601","article-title":"A Clinical Trial of the Effects of Dietary Patterns on Blood Pressure","volume":"336","author":"Obarzanek","year":"1997","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chiavaroli, L., Viguiliouk, E., Nishi, S.K., Blanco Mejia, S., Raheli\u0107, D., Kahleov\u00e1, H., Salas-Salvad\u00f3, J., Kendall, C.W., and Sievenpiper, J.L. (2019). DASH Dietary Pattern and Cardiometabolic Outcomes: An Umbrella Review of Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses. Nutrients, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11020338"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"779","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.118.313348","article-title":"The Mediterranean Diet and Cardiovascular Health","volume":"124","author":"Gea","year":"2019","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1015","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2015.04.011","article-title":"MIND diet slows cognitive decline with aging","volume":"11","author":"Morris","year":"2015","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement. J. Alzheimers Assoc."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"P166","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2014.04.164","article-title":"O2-02-04: Mind Diet Score More Predictive than Dash or Mediterranean Diet Scores","volume":"10","author":"Morris","year":"2014","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8059","DOI":"10.1080\/10408398.2021.1925220","article-title":"MIND diet and cognitive performance in older adults: A systematic review","volume":"62","author":"Kheirouri","year":"2022","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100184","DOI":"10.1016\/j.advnut.2024.100184","article-title":"The Mediterranean-Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension Intervention for Neurodegenerative Delay (MIND) Diet for the Aging Brain: A Systematic Review","volume":"15","author":"Beers","year":"2024","journal-title":"Adv. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1016\/j.advnut.2023.01.005","article-title":"Soluble Fiber Supplementation and Serum Lipid Profile: A Systematic Review and Dose-Response Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials","volume":"14","author":"Ghavami","year":"2023","journal-title":"Adv. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nut.2007.01.013","article-title":"A diet rich in dietary fiber from cocoa improves lipid profile and reduces malondialdehyde in hypercholesterolemic rats","volume":"23","author":"Lecumberri","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nutrition"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5542342","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/5542342","article-title":"Dietary Fiber: An Opportunity for a Global Control of Hyperlipidemia","volume":"2021","author":"Nie","year":"2021","journal-title":"Oxidative Med. Cell. Longev."},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"445","article-title":"Dietary fibers reduce obesity-related disorders: Mechanisms of action","volume":"23","author":"Dayib","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Clin. Nutr. Metab. Care"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1038\/s41575-023-00891-z","article-title":"Effects of dietary fibre on metabolic health and obesity","volume":"21","author":"Deehan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1007","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2014.11.009","article-title":"MIND diet associated with reduced incidence of Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"11","author":"Morris","year":"2015","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"843","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-7176.2011.00538.x","article-title":"The role of magnesium in hypertension and cardiovascular disease","volume":"13","author":"Houston","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Clin. Hypertens"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5996","DOI":"10.1002\/alz.14062","article-title":"The MIND diet, brain transcriptomic alterations, and dementia","volume":"20","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3353","DOI":"10.2147\/DMSO.S427412","article-title":"Associations of the MIND Diet with Cardiometabolic Diseases and Their Risk Factors: A Systematic Review","volume":"16","author":"Akbar","year":"2023","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab. Syndr. Obes."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.119.14240","article-title":"High Blood Pressure and Cardiovascular Disease","volume":"75","author":"Fuchs","year":"2020","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Masenga, S.K., and Kirabo, A. (2023). Hypertensive heart disease: Risk factors, complications and mechanisms. Front. Cardiovasc. Med., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcvm.2023.1205475"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1212\/01.WNL.0000149519.47454.F2","article-title":"Midlife cardiovascular risk factors and risk of dementia in late life","volume":"64","author":"Whitmer","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1179\/016164106X130506","article-title":"Update on hypertension and Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"28","author":"Skoog","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neurol. Res."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1097\/YCO.0000000000000684","article-title":"Hypertension and Alzheimer\u2019s disease: Is the picture any clearer?","volume":"34","author":"Lennon","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0404.2008.01098.x","article-title":"Cognitive impairment and white matter damage in hypertension: A pilot study","volume":"119","author":"Hannesdottir","year":"2009","journal-title":"Acta Neurol. Scand."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.1111\/acel.12315","article-title":"Aging exacerbates hypertension-induced cerebral microhemorrhages in mice: Role of resveratrol treatment in vasoprotection","volume":"14","author":"Toth","year":"2015","journal-title":"Aging Cell"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2010.00130","article-title":"Matrix metalloproteinases, synaptic injury, and multiple sclerosis","volume":"1","author":"Szklarczyk","year":"2010","journal-title":"Front. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.5114\/aoms.2018.76863","article-title":"The role of myelin damage in Alzheimer\u2019s disease pathology","volume":"16","author":"Rejdak","year":"2020","journal-title":"Arch. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1186\/s12944-019-1171-8","article-title":"Mechanisms underlying direct actions of hyperlipidemia on myocardium: An updated review","volume":"19","author":"Yao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lipids Health Dis."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1007\/s11883-012-0307-3","article-title":"Dyslipidemia and the risk of Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"15","author":"Reitz","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr. Atheroscler. Rep."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1159\/000026149","article-title":"Serum total cholesterol, apolipoprotein E epsilon 4 allele, and Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"17","author":"Notkola","year":"1998","journal-title":"Neuroepidemiology"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2255","DOI":"10.1161\/01.ATV.20.10.2255","article-title":"Metabolic cardiovascular syndrome and risk of dementia in Japanese-American elderly men. The Honolulu-Asia aging study","volume":"20","author":"Kalmijn","year":"2000","journal-title":"Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1097\/01.wad.0000213814.43047.86","article-title":"Vascular risk factors for incident Alzheimer disease and vascular dementia: The Cache County study","volume":"20","author":"Hayden","year":"2006","journal-title":"Alzheimer Dis. Assoc. Disord."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14352","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)47945-8","article-title":"Lipoproteins and their receptors in the central nervous system. Characterization of the lipoproteins in cerebrospinal fluid and identification of apolipoprotein B,E(LDL) receptors in the brain","volume":"262","author":"Pitas","year":"1987","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"921","DOI":"10.1126\/science.8346443","article-title":"Gene dose of apolipoprotein E type 4 allele and the risk of Alzheimer\u2019s disease in late onset families","volume":"261","author":"Corder","year":"1993","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1001\/archneurol.2010.346","article-title":"Meta-analysis of the association between variants in SORL1 and Alzheimer disease","volume":"68","author":"Reitz","year":"2011","journal-title":"Arch. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1042\/bj3310231","article-title":"Apolipoprotein J (clusterin) induces cholesterol export from macrophage-foam cells: A potential anti-atherogenic function?","volume":"331","author":"Gelissen","year":"1998","journal-title":"Biochem. J."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"793","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.2008.05433.x","article-title":"ATP-binding cassette transporter A7 regulates processing of amyloid precursor protein in vitro","volume":"106","author":"Chan","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6803","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M210047200","article-title":"The transmembrane domain of the amyloid precursor protein in microsomal membranes is on both sides shorter than predicted","volume":"278","author":"Grziwa","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1158","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-003-3018-7","article-title":"Cholesterol homeostasis and function in neurons of the central nervous system","volume":"60","author":"Pfrieger","year":"2003","journal-title":"Cell Mol. Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2006.02.003","article-title":"Statin use and the risk of Alzheimer\u2019s disease: The MIRAGE study","volume":"2","author":"Green","year":"2006","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"878","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000277657.95487.1c","article-title":"Statin therapy is associated with reduced neuropathologic changes of Alzheimer disease","volume":"69","author":"Li","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1624","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.2005.063388","article-title":"Lipid lowering agents are associated with a slower cognitive decline in Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"76","author":"Masse","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.59.2.223","article-title":"Use of lipid-lowering agents, indication bias, and the risk of dementia in community-dwelling elderly people","volume":"59","author":"Rockwood","year":"2002","journal-title":"Arch. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2008.02.001","article-title":"The Atorvastatin\/Donepezil in Alzheimer\u2019s Disease Study (LEADe): Design and baseline characteristics","volume":"4","author":"Jones","year":"2008","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"956","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e3181d6476a","article-title":"Randomized controlled trial of atorvastatin in mild to moderate Alzheimer disease: LEADe","volume":"74","author":"Feldman","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-009-5271-7","article-title":"Pravastatin and cognitive function in the elderly. Results of the PROSPER study","volume":"257","author":"Trompet","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Heart Protection Study Collaborative Group (2002). MRC\/BHF Heart Protection Study of cholesterol lowering with simvastatin in 20,536 high-risk individuals: A randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet, 360, 7\u201322.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(02)09327-3"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0404.2006.00690.x","article-title":"Circulating cholesterol levels, apolipoprotein E genotype and dementia severity influence the benefit of atorvastatin treatment in Alzheimer\u2019s disease: Results of the Alzheimer\u2019s Disease Cholesterol-Lowering Treatment (ADCLT) trial","volume":"114","author":"Sparks","year":"2006","journal-title":"Acta Neurol. Scand."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2436","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/eht149","article-title":"Diabetes and vascular disease: Pathophysiology, clinical consequences, and medical therapy: Part I","volume":"34","author":"Paneni","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Livingstone, S.J., Looker, H.C., Hothersall, E.J., Wild, S.H., Lindsay, R.S., Chalmers, J., Cleland, S., Leese, G.P., McKnight, J., and Morris, A.D. (2012). Risk of cardiovascular disease and total mortality in adults with type 1 diabetes: Scottish registry linkage study. PLoS Med., 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1001321"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1246","DOI":"10.4239\/wjd.v6.i13.1246","article-title":"Diabetes and cardiovascular disease: Epidemiology, biological mechanisms, treatment recommendations and future research","volume":"6","author":"Leon","year":"2015","journal-title":"World J. Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9149(91)90716-X","article-title":"Echocardiographic evidence for the existence of a distinct diabetic cardiomyopathy (the Framingham Heart Study)","volume":"68","author":"Galderisi","year":"1991","journal-title":"Am. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.4103\/0975-3583.78597","article-title":"Comparison of left ventricular mass in normotensive type 2 diabetes mellitus patients with that in the nondiabetic population","volume":"2","author":"Santra","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Cardiovasc. Dis. Res."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"754","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000083716.82622.FD","article-title":"Disruption of Leptin Signaling Contributes to Cardiac Hypertrophy Independently of Body Weight in Mice","volume":"108","author":"Barouch","year":"2003","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yjmcc.2008.05.006","article-title":"Role of resistin in cardiac contractility and hypertrophy","volume":"45","author":"Kim","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Mol. Cell Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47s","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2003.10.020","article-title":"Management of the patient with diabetes mellitus and myocardial infarction: Clinical trials update","volume":"116","author":"Klein","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"889","DOI":"10.4239\/wjd.v5.i6.889","article-title":"Type 2 diabetes mellitus and Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"5","author":"Barbagallo","year":"2014","journal-title":"World J. Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1186\/s13098-024-01346-4","article-title":"The relationship between diabetes and the dementia risk: A meta-analysis","volume":"16","author":"Cao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Diabetol. Metab. Syndr."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1078","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbadis.2016.08.018","article-title":"Is Alzheimer\u2019s disease a Type 3 Diabetes? A critical appraisal","volume":"1863","author":"Kandimalla","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta Mol. Basis Dis."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2013.07.009","article-title":"Molecular links between Alzheimer\u2019s disease and diabetes mellitus","volume":"250","author":"Yang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1657","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.20-05-01657.2000","article-title":"Neurons regulate extracellular levels of amyloid beta-protein via proteolysis by insulin-degrading enzyme","volume":"20","author":"Vekrellis","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hamz\u00e9, R., Delangre, E., Tolu, S., Moreau, M., Janel, N., Bailb\u00e9, D., and Movassat, J. (2022). Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Alzheimer\u2019s Disease: Shared Molecular Mechanisms and Potential Common Therapeutic Targets. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms232315287"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.2165\/11597760-000000000-00000","article-title":"Contributions of brain insulin resistance and deficiency in amyloid-related neurodegeneration in Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"72","year":"2012","journal-title":"Drugs"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rorbach-Dolata, A., and Piwowar, A. (2019). Neurometabolic Evidence Supporting the Hypothesis of Increased Incidence of Type 3 Diabetes Mellitus in the 21st Century. BioMed Res. Int., 2019.","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/1435276"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guti\u00e9rrez-Cuevas, J., Sandoval-Rodriguez, A., Meza-Rios, A., Monroy-Ram\u00edrez, H.C., Galicia-Moreno, M., Garc\u00eda-Ba\u00f1uelos, J., Santos, A., and Armendariz-Borunda, J. (2021). Molecular Mechanisms of Obesity-Linked Cardiac Dysfunction: An Up-Date on Current Knowledge. Cells, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells10030629"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1038\/s41569-019-0244-8","article-title":"Counter-regulatory renin-angiotensin system in cardiovascular disease","volume":"17","author":"Riquelme","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1159\/000094586","article-title":"Obesity, Abdominal Obesity and Alzheimer Disease","volume":"22","author":"Razay","year":"2006","journal-title":"Dement. Geriatr. Cogn. Disord."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2009.02.013","article-title":"Meta-Analysis of Alzheimer\u2019s Disease Risk with Obesity, Diabetes, and Related Disorders","volume":"67","author":"Profenno","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3944","DOI":"10.1111\/ejn.14758","article-title":"Obesity and Alzheimer\u2019s disease: Molecular bases","volume":"52","author":"Picone","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.31083\/j.jin2309163","article-title":"Mechanisms Underlying Obesity-induced A\u03b2 Accumulation in Alzheimer\u2019s Disease: A Qualitative Review","volume":"23","author":"Wen","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Integr. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Puig, K.L., Floden, A.M., Adhikari, R., Golovko, M.Y., and Combs, C.K. (2012). Amyloid precursor protein and proinflammatory changes are regulated in brain and adipose tissue in a murine model of high fat diet-induced obesity. PLoS ONE, 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0030378"},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1159\/000235555","article-title":"Plasma amyloid-beta peptide levels correlate with adipocyte amyloid precursor protein gene expression in obese individuals","volume":"90","author":"Lee","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neuroendocrinology"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1123","DOI":"10.1093\/eurjpc\/zwae040","article-title":"Global burden of cardiovascular disease attributable to smoking, 1990\u20132019: An analysis of the 2019 Global Burden of Disease Study","volume":"31","author":"Sedhom","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur. J. Prev. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shimu, S.J., Patil, S.M., Dadzie, E., Tesfaye, T., Alag, P., and Wi\u0119ckiewicz, G. (2024). Exploring Health Informatics in the Battle against Drug Addiction: Digital Solutions for the Rising Concern. J. Pers. Med., 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm14060556"},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.113.300156","article-title":"Smoking and Cardiovascular Disease","volume":"34","author":"Messner","year":"2014","journal-title":"Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"H388","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.00868.2010","article-title":"Chronic cigarette smoking causes hypertension, increased oxidative stress, impaired NO bioavailability, endothelial dysfunction, and cardiac remodeling in mice","volume":"300","author":"Talukder","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1703","DOI":"10.2174\/092986707781058959","article-title":"Smoking, oxidative stress and cardiovascular diseases--do anti-oxidative therapies fail?","volume":"14","author":"Bernhard","year":"2007","journal-title":"Curr. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1840","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(97)07541-7","article-title":"Smoking and risk of dementia and Alzheimer\u2019s disease in a population-based cohort study: The Rotterdam Study","volume":"351","author":"Ott","year":"1998","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111923","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2021.111923","article-title":"Long-term effects of smoking on serum concentrations of oxidative stress biomarkers: Results of a large, population-based cohort study","volume":"204","author":"Salem","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S122","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2014.04.009","article-title":"Smoking and increased Alzheimer\u2019s disease risk: A review of potential mechanisms","volume":"10","author":"Durazzo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1179\/1351000213Y.0000000052","article-title":"Oxidative stress in Alzheimer\u2019s disease: Primary villain or physiological by-product?","volume":"18","author":"Sutherland","year":"2013","journal-title":"Redox Rep."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"972","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.59.6.972","article-title":"Increase of brain oxidative stress in mild cognitive impairment: A possible predictor of Alzheimer disease","volume":"59","author":"Clark","year":"2002","journal-title":"Arch. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.3727\/194982412X13378627621752","article-title":"EVALUATION OF HOW CIGARETTE SMOKE IS A DIRECT RISK FACTOR FOR ALZHEIMER\u2019S DISEASE","volume":"14","author":"Giunta","year":"2012","journal-title":"Technol. Innov."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2020-103640","article-title":"Physical inactivity and non-communicable disease burden in low-income, middle-income and high-income countries","volume":"56","author":"Katzmarzyk","year":"2022","journal-title":"Br. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"562","DOI":"10.2337\/dc17-1057","article-title":"Objectively Measured Physical Activity and Sedentary Time Are Associated with Cardiometabolic Risk Factors in Adults with Prediabetes: The PREVIEW Study","volume":"41","author":"Swindell","year":"2018","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.21037\/jlpm-2019-edfcb-03","article-title":"Effects of physical inactivity in cardiovascular biomarkers","volume":"5","author":"Musiari","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Lab. Precis. Med."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"788","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(14)70136-X","article-title":"Potential for primary prevention of Alzheimer\u2019s disease: An analysis of population-based data","volume":"13","author":"Norton","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-020-0799-5","article-title":"Association between sedentary behavior and the risk of dementia: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"10","author":"Yan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Transl. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Thivel, D., Tremblay, A., Genin, P.M., Panahi, S., Rivi\u00e8re, D., and Duclos, M. (2018). Physical Activity, Inactivity, and Sedentary Behaviors: Definitions and Implications in Occupational Health. Front. Public Health, 6.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2018.00288"},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1186\/s12966-017-0525-8","article-title":"Sedentary Behavior Research Network (SBRN)\u2014Terminology Consensus Project process and outcome","volume":"14","author":"Tremblay","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Behav. Nutr. Phys. Act."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Diniz, D.G., Bento-Torres, J., da Costa, V.O., Carvalho, J.P., Tom\u00e1s, A.M., Galdino de Oliveira, T.C., Soares, F.C., de Macedo, L.D., Jardim, N.Y., and Bento-Torres, N.V. (2024). The Hidden Dangers of Sedentary Living: Insights into Molecular, Cellular, and Systemic Mechanisms. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms251910757"},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"686","DOI":"10.14283\/jpad.2023.109","article-title":"Neuroinflammation, Its Role in Alzheimer\u2019s Disease and Therapeutic Strategies","volume":"10","author":"Kiraly","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Prev. Alzheimers Dis."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"L\u00f3pez-Ortiz, S., Pinto-Fraga, J., Valenzuela, P.L., Mart\u00edn-Hern\u00e1ndez, J., Seisdedos, M.M., Garc\u00eda-L\u00f3pez, O., Toschi, N., Di Giuliano, F., Garaci, F., and Mercuri, N.B. (2021). Physical Exercise and Alzheimer\u2019s Disease: Effects on Pathophysiological Molecular Pathways of the Disease. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22062897"},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainresbull.2016.03.012","article-title":"Physical activity and exercise attenuate neuroinflammation in neurological diseases","volume":"125","author":"Spielman","year":"2016","journal-title":"Brain Res. Bull."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mee-Inta, O., Zhao, Z.W., and Kuo, Y.M. (2019). Physical Exercise Inhibits Inflammation and Microglial Activation. Cells, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells8070691"},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"731","DOI":"10.1038\/s41569-018-0065-1","article-title":"Exercise benefits in cardiovascular disease: Beyond attenuation of traditional risk factors","volume":"15","author":"Joyner","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alkhalifa, A.E., Al-Ghraiybah, N.F., Odum, J., Shunnarah, J.G., Austin, N., and Kaddoumi, A. (2023). Blood-Brain Barrier Breakdown in Alzheimer\u2019s Disease: Mechanisms and Targeted Strategies. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms242216288"},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Song, Y., Chang, Z.g., Cui, K., Song, C., Cai, Z., Shi, B., Dong, Q., and Dou, K. (2023). The value of the MIND diet in the primary and secondary prevention of hypertension: A cross-sectional and longitudinal cohort study from NHANES analysis. Front. Nutr., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2023.1129667"},{"key":"ref_120","first-page":"102","article-title":"Adherence to Mediterranean-Dash Intervention for Neurodegenerative Delay (MIND) Dietary Pattern in Elderly with Type 2 Diabetes and the Correlation with Cognitive Functions and Metabolic Profile","volume":"8","author":"Zare","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Nutr. Sci."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nutres.2023.06.001","article-title":"MIND dietary pattern adherence is inversely associated with visceral adiposity and features of metabolic syndrome","volume":"116","author":"Holthaus","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nutr. Res."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yau, K.Y., Law, P.S., and Wong, C.N. (2022). Cardiac and Mental Benefits of Mediterranean-DASH Intervention for Neurodegenerative Delay (MIND) Diet plus Forest Bathing (FB) versus MIND Diet among Older Chinese Adults: A Randomized Controlled Pilot Study. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph192214665"},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e34493","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e34493","article-title":"The effects of MIND diet and propolis supplementation on metabolic syndrome: A randomized controlled clinical trial","volume":"10","author":"Gholami","year":"2024","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"ref_124","first-page":"422","article-title":"The Effect of Short-term Mediterranean-DASH Intervention for Neurodegenerative Delay (MIND) Diet on Hunger Hormones, Anthropometric Parameters, and Brain Structures in Middle-aged Overweight and Obese Women: A Randomized Controlled Trial","volume":"47","author":"Arjmand","year":"2022","journal-title":"Iran. J. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4146742","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/4146742","article-title":"Aerobic Exercise with Mediterranean-DASH Intervention for Neurodegenerative Delay Diet Promotes Brain Cells\u2019 Longevity despite Sex Hormone Deficiency in Postmenopausal Women: A Randomized Controlled Trial","volume":"2022","author":"Elsayed","year":"2022","journal-title":"Oxidative Med. Cell. Longev."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"602","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2302368","article-title":"Trial of the MIND Diet for Prevention of Cognitive Decline in Older Persons","volume":"389","author":"Barnes","year":"2023","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-7176.2008.08575.x","article-title":"Potassium, magnesium, and calcium: Their role in both the cause and treatment of hypertension","volume":"10","author":"Houston","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Clin. Hypertens."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1864","DOI":"10.1039\/C5FO00950B","article-title":"Dietary fiber and blood pressure control","volume":"7","author":"Aleixandre","year":"2016","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e7","DOI":"10.1161\/HYP.0000000000000047","article-title":"Salt Sensitivity of Blood Pressure: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association","volume":"68","author":"Elijovich","year":"2016","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"716","DOI":"10.1097\/HJH.0b013e3283440683","article-title":"Salt-induced renal injury in SHRs is mediated by AT1 receptor activation","volume":"29","author":"Susic","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Hypertens."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.2009.29028","article-title":"Salt sensitivity is associated with insulin resistance, sympathetic overactivity, and decreased suppression of circulating renin activity in lean patients with essential hypertension","volume":"92","author":"Yatabe","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e015719","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.119.015719","article-title":"Potassium Intake and Blood Pressure: A Dose-Response Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials","volume":"9","author":"Filippini","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Am. Heart Assoc."},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"694","DOI":"10.1007\/s11906-013-0390-z","article-title":"Dietary approaches to prevent hypertension","volume":"15","author":"Bazzano","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr. Hypertens. Rep."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1159\/000332580","article-title":"Independent regulation of Na+ and K+ balance by the kidney","volume":"21","author":"Arroyo","year":"2012","journal-title":"Med. Princ. Pract."},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dominguez, L.J., Veronese, N., and Barbagallo, M. (2021). Magnesium and Hypertension in Old Age. Nutrients, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13010180"},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.abb.2006.05.005","article-title":"Role of magnesium in hypertension","volume":"458","author":"Sontia","year":"2007","journal-title":"Arch. Biochem. Biophys."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1888","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114521000660","article-title":"Associations of the Mediterranean-Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension Intervention for Neurodegenerative Delay diet with cardiac remodelling in the community: The Framingham Heart Study","volume":"126","author":"Walker","year":"2021","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1186\/s13098-020-00611-6","article-title":"Associations between adherence to MIND diet and metabolic syndrome and general and abdominal obesity: A cross-sectional study","volume":"12","author":"Mohammadpour","year":"2020","journal-title":"Diabetol. Metab. Syndr."},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1007\/s11745-010-3524-y","article-title":"Dietary monounsaturated fatty acids are protective against metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular disease risk factors","volume":"46","author":"Gillingham","year":"2011","journal-title":"Lipids"},{"key":"ref_140","unstructured":"(2010). Fats and fatty acids in human nutrition. Report of an expert consultation. FAO Food Nutr. Pap., 91, 1\u2013166."},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2228","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/130.9.2228","article-title":"Lowering dietary saturated fat and total fat reduces the oxidative susceptibility of LDL in healthy men and women","volume":"130","author":"Etherton","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"703","DOI":"10.3945\/an.115.009480","article-title":"Impact of nutrients and food components on dyslipidemias: What is the evidence?","volume":"6","author":"Rosa","year":"2015","journal-title":"Adv. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2602","DOI":"10.2337\/dc22-0217","article-title":"Differences in the Association of Select Dietary Measures With Risk of Incident Type 2 Diabetes","volume":"45","author":"Tison","year":"2022","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ardekani, A.M., Vahdat, S., Hojati, A., Moradi, H., Tousi, A.Z., Ebrahimzadeh, F., and Farhangi, M.A. (2023). Evaluating the association between the Mediterranean-DASH Intervention for Neurodegenerative Delay (MIND) diet, mental health, and cardio-metabolic risk factors among individuals with obesity. BMC Endocr. Disord., 23.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12902-023-01284-8"},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5005","DOI":"10.1080\/10408398.2021.1881434","article-title":"Natural antioxidants in diabetes treatment and management: Prospects of astaxanthin","volume":"62","author":"Kanwugu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100666","DOI":"10.1016\/j.focha.2024.100666","article-title":"Role of dietary antioxidants in diabetes: An overview","volume":"4","author":"Shafras","year":"2024","journal-title":"Food Chem. Adv."},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, W., Jiang, W., and Guo, S. (2023). Regulation of Macronutrients in Insulin Resistance and Glucose Homeostasis during Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Nutrients, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15214671"},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1089\/met.2015.0095","article-title":"Obesity, Oxidative Stress, Adipose Tissue Dysfunction, and the Associated Health Risks: Causes and Therapeutic Strategies","volume":"13","author":"Manna","year":"2015","journal-title":"Metab. Syndr. Relat. Disord."},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.5937\/jomb0-24652","article-title":"The role of oxidative stress in the development of obesity and obesity-related metabolic disorders","volume":"40","author":"Pap","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Med. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1186\/1750-1326-7-52","article-title":"BACE1 is at the crossroad of a toxic vicious cycle involving cellular stress and \u03b2-amyloid production in Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"7","author":"Chami","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mol. Neurodegener."},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Atlante, A., Amadoro, G., Bobba, A., and Latina, V. (2020). Functional Foods: An Approach to Modulate Molecular Mechanisms of Alzheimer\u2019s Disease. Cells, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells9112347"},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcmd.2015.03.014","article-title":"Omega 3 (n-3) fatty acids down-regulate nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-\u03baB) gene and blood cell adhesion molecule expression in patients with homozygous sickle cell disease","volume":"55","author":"Daak","year":"2015","journal-title":"Blood Cells Mol. Dis."},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L84","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplung.00077.2002","article-title":"NF-kappa B inhibition by omega-3 fatty acids modulates LPS-stimulated macrophage TNF-alpha transcription","volume":"284","author":"Novak","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Lung Cell Mol. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24573","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M111.333054","article-title":"Nuclear factor-\u03baB regulates \u03b2APP and \u03b2- and \u03b3-secretases differently at physiological and supraphysiological A\u03b2 concentrations","volume":"287","author":"Chami","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.4235\/agmr.23.0135","article-title":"Elevated Homocysteine Level and Brain Atrophy Changes as Markers to Screen the Alzheimer Disease: Case Series","volume":"28","author":"Sah","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ann. Geriatr. Med. Res."},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, X., Bao, G., Liu, D., Yang, Y., Li, X., Cai, G., Liu, Y., and Wu, Y. (2021). The Association Between Folate and Alzheimer\u2019s Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Front. Neurosci., 15.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2021.661198"},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lu, C., Wang, Y., Xu, T., Li, Q., Wang, D., Zhang, L., Fan, B., Wang, F., and Liu, X. (2018). Genistein Ameliorates Scopolamine-Induced Amnesia in Mice Through the Regulation of the Cholinergic Neurotransmission, Antioxidant System and the ERK\/CREB\/BDNF Signaling. Front. Pharmacol., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2018.01153"},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"732","DOI":"10.2174\/1567205016666190830113420","article-title":"Genistein Decreases APP\/tau Phosphorylation and Ameliorates A\u03b2 Overproduction Through Inhibiting CIP2A","volume":"16","author":"Shentu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr. Alzheimer Res."},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.1007\/s11011-019-00405-4","article-title":"Genistein induces degradation of mutant huntingtin in fibroblasts from Huntington\u2019s disease patients","volume":"34","author":"Pierzynowska","year":"2019","journal-title":"Metab. Brain Dis."},{"key":"ref_160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177273","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2025.177273","article-title":"Genistein: A promising ally in combating neurodegenerative disorders","volume":"991","author":"Sharma","year":"2025","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1186\/s13195-022-01097-2","article-title":"Genistein effect on cognition in prodromal Alzheimer\u2019s disease patients. The GENIAL clinical trial","volume":"14","author":"Escudero","year":"2022","journal-title":"Alzheimers Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1827252","DOI":"10.1155\/jnme\/1827252","article-title":"Improvement of Cardiovascular Risk Factors by Genistein Supplementation: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis in Diverse Population-Based RCTs","volume":"2025","author":"Feng","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Metab."},{"key":"ref_163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Palomer, E., Buechler, J., and Salinas, P.C. (2019). Wnt Signaling Deregulation in the Aging and Alzheimer\u2019s Brain. Front. Cell Neurosci., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2019.00227"},{"key":"ref_164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"686","DOI":"10.1002\/cbf.3530","article-title":"Wnt signalling pathway and tau phosphorylation: A comprehensive study on known connections","volume":"38","author":"Hadi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Biochem. Funct."},{"key":"ref_165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4010","DOI":"10.18632\/aging.102810","article-title":"Efficacy of probiotics on cognition, and biomarkers of inflammation and oxidative stress in adults with Alzheimer\u2019s disease or mild cognitive impairment\u2014A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"12","author":"Den","year":"2020","journal-title":"Aging"},{"key":"ref_166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ibneur.2024.11.004","article-title":"Exploring the potential of probiotics in Alzheimer\u2019s disease and gut dysbiosis","volume":"17","author":"Sowmiya","year":"2024","journal-title":"IBRO Neurosci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Megur, A., Baltriukien\u0117, D., Bukelskien\u0117, V., and Burokas, A. (2020). The Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis and Alzheimer\u2019s Disease: Neuroinflammation Is to Blame?. Nutrients, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13010037"},{"key":"ref_168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2009.01.017","article-title":"Lipopolysaccharide alters the blood-brain barrier transport of amyloid beta protein: A mechanism for inflammation in the progression of Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"23","author":"Jaeger","year":"2009","journal-title":"Brain Behav. Immun."},{"key":"ref_169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"967","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-230651","article-title":"Impact of the MIND Diet on Cognition in Individuals with Dementia","volume":"96","author":"Healy","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Alzheimers Dis."},{"key":"ref_170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ellouze, I., Sheffler, J., Nagpal, R., and Arjmandi, B. (2023). Dietary Patterns and Alzheimer\u2019s Disease: An Updated Review Linking Nutrition to Neuroscience. Nutrients, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15143204"},{"key":"ref_171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1040","DOI":"10.1093\/advances\/nmz054","article-title":"The Mediterranean, Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH), and Mediterranean-DASH Intervention for Neurodegenerative Delay (MIND) Diets Are Associated with Less Cognitive Decline and a Lower Risk of Alzheimer\u2019s Disease-A Review","volume":"10","author":"Berendsen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Adv. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Arjmand, G., Abbas-Zadeh, M., and Eftekhari, M.H. (2022). Effect of MIND diet intervention on cognitive performance and brain structure in healthy obese women: A randomized controlled trial. Sci. Rep., 12.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-04258-9"}],"container-title":["Nutrients"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/17\/14\/2328\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T18:10:24Z","timestamp":1760033424000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/17\/14\/2328"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,16]]},"references-count":172,"journal-issue":{"issue":"14","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]}},"alternative-id":["nu17142328"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu17142328","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6643"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6643","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,16]]}}}