{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T02:50:38Z","timestamp":1775011838193,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,16]],"date-time":"2025-07-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1752624000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004040","name":"INTERNE FONDSEN KU LEUVEN (IF)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["C14\/21\/052"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["C14\/21\/052"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004040","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Aims. In the present study, we investigated the associations between the three identity dimensions of Kaufman (Consolidated Identity, Disturbed Identity, Lack of Identity) and symptoms of personality disorders (PDs) in 176 female inpatients with an eating disorder (ED). We examined five aspects: the prevalence of categorical PD diagnoses in patients with EDs; the relationship between dimensional PD scores and identity dimensions as well as their relationships with age and ED subtype; and the unique variance in dimensional PD scores explained by identity dimensions, while controlling for age and ED subtype. Methods. To assess identity functioning, we made use of the Self-Concept and Identity Measure, and to assess PDs, we used the categorical and dimensional scores of the Assessment of DSM-IV Personality Disorders. Results. The findings showed that the avoidant, obsessive\u2013compulsive, and borderline categorical PDs were the most frequently reported PDs. Age was negatively related to all Cluster B PDs and Disturbed Identity, and binge-eating\/purging ED patients reported significantly more Cluster B PD features compared to restrictive ED patients. ED subtype and identity dimensions were unrelated. Correlational analysis showed that all dimensional PD scores were positively related to Disturbed Identity and Lack of Identity and negatively related to Consolidated Identity. The results of the hierarchical regression analyses showed that Cluster A PDs were significantly predicted by Lack of Identity, controlled for age and ED subtype. Additionally, Cluster B PDs were significantly predicted by Disturbed Identity. Finally, two of the three cluster C PDs were predicted by Lack of Identity (avoidant and obsessive\u2013compulsive PD), whereas the dependent PD was explained by Disturbed Identity. Conclusions. The co-occurrence of identity issues in both PDs and EDs underscores the role of identity as a transdiagnostic feature. Accordingly, using identity-based interventions in treatment may have broad therapeutic benefits across these disorders.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu17142329","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,16]],"date-time":"2025-07-16T10:46:05Z","timestamp":1752662765000},"page":"2329","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["The Association Between Identity Functioning and Personality Pathology in Female Patients with Eating Disorders"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2287-3158","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laurence","family":"Claes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University Antwerp, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-0858-5495","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Annabel","family":"Bogaerts","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, Clinical Developmental Psychology Program, University of Amsterdam, 1001 Amsterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8322-4709","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tim","family":"Bastiaens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Campus Kortenberg, University Psychiatric Centre, KU Leuven, 3070 Kortenberg, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8747-3385","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Glenn","family":"Kiekens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium"},{"name":"Department of Neurosciences, Center for Contextual Psychiatry, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium"},{"name":"Department of Medical and Clinical Psychology, Tilburg University, 5037 Tilburg, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eva","family":"Dierckx","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Psychiatric Hospital Alexianen Zorggroep Tienen, 3300 Tienen, Belgium"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1050 Brussels, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Katrien","family":"Schoevaerts","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Psychiatric Hospital Alexianen Zorggroep Tienen, 3300 Tienen, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Koen","family":"Luyckx","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium"},{"name":"Educational Unit for Professional Training and Service in the Behavioural Sciences (UNIBS), University of the Free State, Bloemfontein 9301, South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Erikson, E.H. (1968). Identity: Youth and Crisis, W.W. Norton."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1080\/00223890802634266","article-title":"Measuring identity from an Eriksonian perspective: Two sides of the same coin?","volume":"91","author":"Schwartz","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Personal. Assess."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1177\/2167696819870021","article-title":"Identity and psychopathology: Bridging developmental and clinical research","volume":"8","author":"Verschueren","year":"2020","journal-title":"Emerg. Adulthood"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1007\/s10862-014-9441-2","article-title":"The development, factor structure, and validation of the Self-Concept and Identity Measure (SCIM): A self-report assessment of clinical identity disturbance","volume":"37","author":"Kaufman","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Psychopathol. Behav. Assess."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"969","DOI":"10.1002\/j.2167-4086.2006.tb00065.x","article-title":"Identity: Recent findings and clinical implications","volume":"75","author":"Kernberg","year":"2006","journal-title":"Psychoanal. Q."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1080\/15283488.2019.1566068","article-title":"Replication of the Self-Concept and Identity Measure (SCIM) among a treatment-seeking sample","volume":"19","author":"Kaufman","year":"2019","journal-title":"Identity"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1177\/070674378102600402","article-title":"Developmental considerations of anorexia nervosa and obesity","volume":"26","author":"Bruch","year":"1981","journal-title":"Can. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1531","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.139.12.1531","article-title":"Anorexia nervosa: Therapy and theory","volume":"139","author":"Bruch","year":"1982","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1002\/eat.22835","article-title":"Risk and resiliency factors related to body dissatisfaction and disordered eating: The identity disruption model","volume":"51","author":"Vartanian","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Eat. Disord."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1080\/10640266.2015.1034057","article-title":"Re-thinking eating disorder prevention: The case for prioritizing the promotion of healthy identity development","volume":"24","author":"Corning","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eat. Disord."},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"63","article-title":"Is the body the self? Women and body image","volume":"31","author":"Polivy","year":"2007","journal-title":"Coll. Antropol."},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"Darby, P.L., Garfinkel, P.E., Garner, D.M., and Coscina, D.V. (1983). Some provisional ideas concerning psychological structure in anorexia nervosa and bulimia. Anorexia Nervosa: Recent Developments in Research, Alan R. Liss."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.110.1.86","article-title":"Binge eating as escape from self-awareness","volume":"110","author":"Heatherton","year":"1991","journal-title":"Psychol. Bull."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1002\/1098-108X(199305)13:4<335::AID-EAT2260130402>3.0.CO;2-M","article-title":"Disturbances in identity and self-regulation in bulimia nervosa: Implications for a metaphorical perspective of \u201cbody as self\u201d","volume":"13","author":"Nemeroff","year":"1993","journal-title":"Int. J. Eat. Disord."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1207\/S1532706XID0102_04","article-title":"Binge eating as a means for evading identity issues: The association between an avoidance identity style and bulimic behavior","volume":"1","author":"Wheeler","year":"2001","journal-title":"Identity"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1186\/s40337-021-00398-5","article-title":"Beyond difficulties in self-regulation: The role of identity integration and personality functioning in young women with disordered eating behaviours","volume":"9","author":"Biberdzic","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Eat. Disord."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110975","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychores.2022.110975","article-title":"Eating disorder psychopathology: The role of attachment anxiety, attachment avoidance, and personality functioning","volume":"160","author":"Klein","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Psychosom. Res."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rohde, J., Obbarius, A., Voigt, B., Sarrar, L., Biesenthal-Matthes, S., Kind, C.-S., Rose, M., and Hofmann, T. (2023). Differences and similarities in personality functioning across different types of eating disorders. Front. Psychiatry, 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2023.1155725"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1002\/erv.3146","article-title":"Impairments in personality functioning in adolescents with anorexia nervosa","volume":"33","author":"Schumacher","year":"2025","journal-title":"Eur. Eat Disord. Rev."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1002\/erv.2487","article-title":"Identity processes and statuses in patients with and without eating disorders","volume":"25","author":"Verschueren","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. Eat. Disord. Rev."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Verschueren, M., Claes, L., Bogaerts, A., Palmeroni, N., Gandhi, A., Moons, P., and Luyckx, K. (2018). Eating disorder symptomatology and identity formation in adolescence: A cross-lagged longitudinal approach. Front. Psychol., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2018.00816"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Verschueren, M., Claes, L., Palmeroni, N., Raemen, L., Moons, P., Bruckers, L., Molenberghs, G., Dierckx, E., Schoevaerts, K., and Luyckx, K. (2024). Identity functioning in patients with and eating disorder: Developmental trajectories throughout treatment. Nutrients, 16.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202401.1487.v1"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Conti, J.E., Joyce, C., Hay, P., and Meade, T. (2020). Finding my own identity: A qualitative meta-synthesis of adult anorexia nervosa treatment experiences. BMC Psychol., 8.","DOI":"10.1186\/s40359-020-00476-4"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101060","DOI":"10.1016\/j.newideapsych.2023.101060","article-title":"The role of identity in anorexia nervosa","volume":"72","author":"Croce","year":"2024","journal-title":"New Ideas Psychol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1080\/07399330590905602","article-title":"Becoming the real me: Recovering from anorexia nervosa","volume":"26","author":"Lamoureux","year":"2005","journal-title":"Health Care Women Int."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s11920-024-01571-8","article-title":"Personality disorders and clinical disorders: The challenge of comorbid autism spectrum disorder (ASD), eating disorders (EDs), posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), or somatic symptom disorder (SSD)","volume":"27","author":"Links","year":"2025","journal-title":"Curr. Psychiatry Rep."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"American Psychiatric Association (2013). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, American Psychiatric Association. [5th ed.].","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.books.9780890425596"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"895","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2005.04.012","article-title":"Personality and eating disorders: A decade in review","volume":"25","author":"Cassin","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin. Psychol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2016.04.005","article-title":"Eating disorders and personality, 2004\u20132016: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"46","author":"Farstad","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Psychol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1007\/s11920-002-0007-8","article-title":"Recent research of relationships among eating disorders and personality disorders","volume":"4","author":"Grilo","year":"2002","journal-title":"Curr. Psychiatry Rep."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1007\/s40519-016-0345-x","article-title":"The comorbidity of personality disorders in eating disorders: A meta-analysis","volume":"22","author":"Martinussen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eat. Weight Disord."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03327480","article-title":"The comorbidity of eating disorders and personality disorders: A meta-analytic review of studies published between 1983 and 1998","volume":"5","author":"Rosenvinge","year":"2000","journal-title":"Eat. Weight Disord."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1753","DOI":"10.1002\/eat.23823","article-title":"Reciprocal relationships between personality disorders and eating disorders in a prospective 17-year follow-up study","volume":"55","author":"Eielsen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Eat. Disord."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2184","DOI":"10.1177\/10731911221140313","article-title":"The Self-Concept and Identity Measure in patients with personality disorders: A psychometric evaluation and associations with identity processes, core domains of self-functioning, and personality disorder symptoms","volume":"30","author":"Bogaerts","year":"2023","journal-title":"Assessment"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1558","DOI":"10.1177\/0306624X241248364","article-title":"Identity and personality pathology in adult forensic psychiatric patients and healthy controls","volume":"68","author":"Bogaerts","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Offender Ther. Comp. Criminol."},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"100226","article-title":"Measuring emptiness: Validation of the Italian version of the Subjective Emptiness Scale in clinical and non-clinical populations","volume":"6","author":"Pepi","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psc.2008.03.003","article-title":"Epidemiology of personality disorders","volume":"31","author":"Lenzenweger","year":"2008","journal-title":"Psychiatr. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_38","unstructured":"Garner, D.M. (2004). Eating Disorders Inventory-3 (EDI-3). Professional Manual, Psychological Assessment Resources."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2017.11.007","article-title":"The Dutch Self-Concept and Identity Measure (SCIM): Factor structure and associations with identity dimensions and psychopathology","volume":"123","author":"Bogaerts","year":"2018","journal-title":"Personal. Individ. Differ."},{"key":"ref_40","first-page":"73","article-title":"ADP-IV questionnaire: Aspects of reliability and validity","volume":"15","author":"Schotte","year":"2000","journal-title":"Eur. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1179","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291798007041","article-title":"Self-report assessment of the DSM-IV personality disorders, measurement of trait and distress characteristics: The ADP-IV","volume":"28","author":"Schotte","year":"1998","journal-title":"Psychol. Med."},{"key":"ref_42","unstructured":"George, D., and Mallery, P. (2003). SPSS for Windows Step by Step: A Simple Guide and Reference, Allyn & Bacon. [4th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_43","unstructured":"American Psychiatric Association (1994). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, American Psychiatric Association. [4th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1037\/0003-066X.58.1.78","article-title":"Interpreting the magnitudes of correlation coefficients","volume":"58","author":"Hemphill","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"748","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2010.09091379","article-title":"Research domain criteria (RDoC): Toward a new classification framework for research on mental disorders","volume":"167","author":"Insel","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1521\/pedi.17.6.479.25360","article-title":"Personality disorders over time: Precursors, course and outcome","volume":"17","author":"Paris","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Personal. Disord."},{"key":"ref_47","first-page":"7","article-title":"Dependent personality disorder: A review of etiology and treatment","volume":"1","author":"Chasidy","year":"2009","journal-title":"Grad. J. Couns. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1764","DOI":"10.1037\/a0012955","article-title":"Age differences in sensation seeking and impulsivity as indexed by behavior and self-report: Evidence for a dual systems model","volume":"44","author":"Steinberg","year":"2008","journal-title":"Dev. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1002\/eat.1101","article-title":"Eating disturbance and sexual trauma in childhood and adulthood","volume":"30","author":"Wonderlich","year":"2001","journal-title":"Int. J. Eat. Disord."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-clinpsy-081219-105402","article-title":"DSM-5 level of personality functioning: Refocusing personality disorder on what it means to be human","volume":"17","author":"Sharp","year":"2021","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Clin. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1080\/00223891.2018.1465431","article-title":"Criterion A of the AMPD in HiTOP","volume":"101","author":"Widiger","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Personal. Assess."},{"key":"ref_52","unstructured":"Lenzenweger, M.F., and Clarkin, J.F. (2005). A psychoanalytic theory of personality disorders. Major Theories of Personality Disorder, Guilford Press. [2nd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_53","first-page":"526","article-title":"How does it feel to have a disturbed identity? The phenomenology of identity diffusion in patients with borderline personality disorder: A qualitative study","volume":"35","author":"Jorgensen","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Personal. Disord."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.1037\/a0036481","article-title":"Clinician judgments of clinical utility: A comparison of the DSM-IV-TR personality disorders and the alternative model for DSM-5 personality disorders","volume":"123","author":"Morey","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Abnorm. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1177\/1073191120968275","article-title":"Construction and validation of a self-report subjective emptiness scale","volume":"29","author":"Price","year":"2022","journal-title":"Assessment"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.clinpsy.121208.131215","article-title":"Pathological narcissism and narcissistic personality disorder","volume":"6","author":"Pincus","year":"2010","journal-title":"Annu.\/Rev. Clin. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1080\/16506073.2022.2158926","article-title":"Is schema therapy effective for adults with eating disorders? A systematic review into the evidence","volume":"52","author":"Joshua","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cogn. Behav. Ther."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbtep.2009.01.002","article-title":"A schema-focused approach to group psychotherapy for outpatients with borderline personality disorder: A randomized controlled trial","volume":"40","author":"Farrell","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Behav. Ther. Exp. Psychiatry."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1002\/erv.817","article-title":"Eating one\u2019s words: Part 3. Mentalisation-based psychotherapy for anorexia nervosa: An outline for a treatment and training manual","volume":"15","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eur. Eat Disord. Rev."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1080\/10640266.2012.668478","article-title":"A systematic review of dialectical behavior therapy for the treatment of eating disorders","volume":"20","author":"Bankoff","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eat. Disord."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1080\/10640266.2020.1723371","article-title":"Dialectical behavioral therapy: An update and review of the existing treatment models adapted for adults with eating disorders","volume":"28","author":"Duthu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eat. Disord."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1994.03950030061006","article-title":"Diagnosing personality disorders. A review of issues and research methods","volume":"51","author":"Zimmerman","year":"1994","journal-title":"Arch. Gen. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"879","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-9010.88.5.879","article-title":"Common method biases in behavioral research: A critical review of the literature and recommended remedies","volume":"88","author":"Podsakoff","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Appl. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1007\/s11920-019-1079-z","article-title":"A Brief but Comprehensive Review of Research on the Alternative DSM-5 Model for Personality Disorders","volume":"21","author":"Zimmermann","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr. Psychiatry Rep."}],"container-title":["Nutrients"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/17\/14\/2329\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T18:10:28Z","timestamp":1760033428000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/17\/14\/2329"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,16]]},"references-count":64,"journal-issue":{"issue":"14","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]}},"alternative-id":["nu17142329"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu17142329","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6643"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6643","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,16]]}}}